Editing Kemalism (section)

==History==
[[File:Ataturk1932.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1932|left]]
Kemalism is the ideology of [[File:Ataturk.png]] Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the founding ideology of the [[File:ROT.png]] Republic of Turkey. The ideology was designed to help modernize Turkey and separate it from its Ottoman predecessor, these reforms include democracy, secularism, state support of the science, women’s rights, and free education.

The early roots of the ideology began during the early 19th-century Tanzimant reforms in the late years of the Ottoman Empire when the Empire was trying to stop its collapse, of course, this merely delayed the inevitable. After the Young Ottoman movement ditched Ottoman Nationalism ([[File:Cball-Ottomanism.png]] Ottomanism) to stop the rising ethnic nationalism within the Empire in favor of Turkish nationalism becoming the Young Turks (no, not the American news tabloid) which sought to establish many things the Young Ottomans wanted to be established like a democracy. However, unlike the Young Ottomans, the Young Turks were in favour of secularism. The Young Turks inspired Atatürk greatly with their advocacy of democracy, Turkish nationalism, and secularism among other things. However, Ataturk was against their extreme ethnonationalism and ultranationalism and condemned the Armenian genocide. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Atatürk implemented these ideas as well as brought about more economically left reforms to the nation that the nation had never experienced before. 

[[File:Ataturk.png]] Ataturk launched the [[w:Turkish War of Independence|Turkish War of Independence]] and single-handily defeated western and Greek plans to break up Turkey into pieces by the [[w:Treaty of Sèvres|Treaty of Sevres]] with the financial support and arms supplies of [[File:Lenin.png]] [[Leninism|Lenin’s new Soviet republic]]. He subsequently abolished the Caliphate and initiated a series of legal, social, cultural, and political reforms that lifted Turkey from the backward theocratic and absolutist Ottoman Empire into a modernized, progressive, and secular republic. Ataturk also introduced free education and universal healthcare and improved the living conditions of the peasants and the standards of workers. Ataturk also implemented a program of [[File:Cultural Nationalism.png]] Turkification, known as “Citizens, Speak Turkish,” which aimed at encouraging ethnic minorities to speak Turkish and assimilate into the Turkish culture. However, they were allowed to speak their own language and practice their own culture as well. According to a survey by the Center for American Progress, 86% of Turks have a favorable view of Ataturk, and 52% have a very favorable view of him. This includes 80% of Ottomanist AKP voters and 61% of Kurdish nationalist HDP voters.<ref name=":0">[https://www.americanprogress.org/article/turkeys-new-nationalism-amid-shifting-politics/ ''"Turkey's 'New Nationalism' amid shifting policies"''], The American Progress.</ref> 

Shortly after Turkey was proclaimed as a republic, Ataturk endorsed the policy of peace at home, peace in the world, and restored its relationship with Britain and Greece. The New Turkish Republic amended all unequal tariff treaties that the Ottoman Empire had with foreign powers and forged a strong alliance with the USSR as both countries signed the friendship pact, the Treaty of Moscow in 1921, and a non-aggression pact in 1925. It also regained control of the Turkish Straits by 1936 with the Montreux Convention, which saw Turkey fully regaining its sovereignty from foreign imperialist powers. Kemalist Turkey also formed the non-aggression [[w:Saddabad Pact|Saddabdad Pact]] with its neighbors, including [[File:RezaShah.png]] [[Social Authoritarianism|Reza Shah’s Iran]], [[File:ZahirShah.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|Mohammad Zahir Shah’s Afghanistan]], and Iraq to promote regional peace and friendly cooperations. It also formed the [[w:Balkan Pact|Balkan Pact]] with Yugoslavia, Greece, and Romania to resist the imperialist expansionist ambitions of [[File:Mussolini.png]] [[Fascism|Fascist Italy]] and Tsarist Bulgaria.

Ataturk was also credited for his transformational change in Turkish agriculture and ecological development. The Kemalist government planned 4 million trees, modernized the Turkish agricultural mechanism, implemented flood controls, opened schools in rural areas with rural institutions such as agricultural banks, and implemented [[File:LandReform.png]] land reform that removed heavy taxes on peasants of the Ottoman era. He was described as the “Father of Turkish Agriculture.”<ref name=":Derya" /><ref>[https://businessturkeytoday.com/factories-established-by-great-ataturk-founder-of-turkey-in-first-15-years-of-republic.html ''"Factories established by Great Ataturk, founder of Turkey, in first 15 years of the republic"''], BusinessTurkeyToday.</ref> Ataturk also massively boomed the Turkish economy with heavy industrial production increased by 150% and GDP capita rose from 800 USD to around 2000 USD by late 1930s, on par with Japan. It also quickly industrialized Turkey in a rapid time frame.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Turkish-GDP-per-capita-and-GDP-growth-1923-1990-Source-Compiled-and-drawn-based-on_fig1_256014311 ''"Turkish GDP-per-capita and GDP growth 1923-1990"''], ReserachGate.</ref> Additionally, the labor participation rate of the Kemalist single-parry period was as high as 70%. The participation rate continued to decline after the democratization of Turkey due to the backlash of conservative norms in the Turkish society.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539513000721], ScienceDirect.com.</ref> Ataturk also doubled the Turkish literacy rate to 22.4% before he died. After he died, his successor Inonu more than tripled the literacy rate to 33% from a mere 10% in 1923. The number of students attending middle schools and high schools have been multiplied by 12 times and 17.5 times, respectively.

After Ataturk’s death, the new Turkish president [[File:IsmetInonu.png]] Ismet Inonu adopted a more statist economy and enforced laicist policies by shutting down thousands of Mosques, as well as implementing a wealthy tax that targeted wealthy minorities such as Armenians, Jews, and Greeks. The economic failure of Inonu and the consequences of WW2 on Turkish trade ended the economic boom of the Ataturk era and caused a severe recession in the Turkish economy. Turkey stayed neutral in WW2 and strongly resisted the push of far-right figures like [[File:NihalAtsiz.png]] [[Ultranationalism|Nihal Atsiz]] and [[File:MHP.png]] [[Turkish Idealism|Alparslan Turkes]] to declare war on the USSR to take Azerbaijan from the Soviet Union. In the 1940s, the [[w:Turkish straits crisis|Turkish Straits Crisis]] happened as the [[File:Stalin.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Stalinist USSR]] attempted to imperialize Turkish maritime borders by forcing Turkey to accept a deal with the military threat. This attempt was, however, strongly resisted by Turkey with the support of the [[File:Truman.png]] [[Neoconservatism|Truman Administration]]. This caused the two decades of alliance between Turkey and the USSR to fall apart, which saw Turkey’s eventual NATO admission in 1952, shortly after the end of the [[File:UniParti.png]] [[Particracy|CHP One-party state]] and [[File:DemocratParty.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Adnan Menderes’s Democrat Party came to power]].