Editing Pancasila (section)

==History==

===[[File:Sukarno.png]] Sukarno's rule===
[[File:Marhenism flag.svg|thumb|220x220px|Flag of Marhaenism]]'''[[File:Sukarno.png]]''' Marhaenism is economically left-leaning political ideology developed by the [[w:Sukarno|First President of Indonesia Sukarno]] that included: [[File:Nation.png]] socio-[[Nationalism]], [[File:Dem.png]] socio-[[Democracy]], national unity, culture, collectivist economics, and is formally defined as "Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions" or just "Marxism with Indonesian Characteristics". Marhaenism aimed to establish a political and economic system that both honored the country’s cultural heritage and resisted the Western capitalist models that Sukarno believed were exploitative and imperialistic.

One of the foundational elements of Marhaenism was its  [[File:Anticap.png|frameless]] anti-[[Capitalism|Capitalist]]  stance. Sukarno saw capitalism as a system that allowed foreign entities to exploit Indonesia's labor force and natural resources, relegating Indonesia to a subordinate position within the global economy just as it was under  [[File:Cball-Netherlands.png]]Dutch Colonial Rule. To counter this, Sukarno promoted an economy where “goods that are not needed will not be produced,” a statement that emphasized a civilian-oriented, demand-based economy akin to a more organic form of '''Autarky''' which rejected overproduction and wasteful consumption, distinguishing Marhaenism from Western capitalist economies by focusing production solely on the essential needs of Indonesian society. Under this model, the government heavily regulated industries, seeking to limit foreign influence and protect the local economy.

Sukarno’s '''[[Imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]''' was central to Marhaenism, defining it as an ideology that stood against any foreign domination or interference. His early political activism and subsequent leadership centered on achieving complete political and economic independence for Indonesia, especially from Western colonial powers and, later, from the emerging global influence of the United States and the Soviet Union. His foreign policy of “Konfrontasi” with neighboring Malaysia was one such expression of Marhaenist anti-imperialism, as he viewed Malaysia’s alignment with Western powers as a threat to regional independence. He also sought to unite other post-colonial nations under the Non-Aligned Movement, which he helped found, and used his speeches at forums like the United Nations to call for an end to both Western and Eastern blocs' influence on the newly independent nations.

Marhaenism also contained elements of  [[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy|Democratic]] rights, although these were often interpreted uniquely by Sukarno, and were balanced with elements of  [[File:Sec.png]][[Authoritarianism]]. While Marhaenism condemned  [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism]] and individualism, Sukarno also stressed the need for unity and discipline to maintain Indonesia’s independence. In 1959, he implemented '''Guided Democracy''', a system that allowed him to exercise strong central control while still retaining some democratic elements. This shift from liberal democracy toward a more autocratic form of rule was a reaction to the social and political fragmentation he saw as a potential threat to Indonesia’s unity. Guided Democracy allowed Sukarno to balance competing ideologies within Indonesia, particularly between the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and conservative Muslim factions.

The '''economic system of Marhaenism''' was designed to address the inequalities that capitalism and colonialism had created, with a vision for a “people’s economy” where the needs of the masses were prioritized over profit. Under Sukarno’s leadership, the economy was heavily regulated, but due to foreign meddling as well as structural and administrative issues, it struggled to meet basic needs, and poverty and malnutrition remained prevalent. These difficulties eventually contributed to the rise of the PKI, who supported Sukarno’s ideas but sought more radical economic reforms. Although Marhaenism shared similarities with  [[File:Agsoc.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism]], focusing on rural self-sufficiency and collective land use, Sukarno maintained that Marhaenism was distinct. As he described it, Marhaenism was a “'''third-position”''' belief, incorporating elements of '''Indonesian  [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]]''', '''American-style independence''', and '''Marxist ideals''' drawn from the [[w:The_Communist_Manifesto|Communist Manifesto.]]

One of the unique aspects of Marhaenism was its  '''[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]]'''. Sukarno promoted an intensely nationalistic vision for Indonesia that was resistant to foreign influence, be it from Western capitalism or Eastern communism. His nationalistic policies were often viewed as radical, particularly in his confrontational stance against Western powers, which he believed were attempting to impose their ideologies on Indonesia. Sukarno's ultranationalism was evident in his  [[w:Indonesia–Malaysia_confrontation|Konfrontasi]] policies, his commitment to Indonesia’s non-alignment during the Cold War, and his support of national symbols such as '''Pancasila''' — the foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia, which he considered a central element of his ideology.

At the United Nations in 1960, Sukarno elaborated on his ideology by describing it as a '''sublimation''' between  [[File:Lenin.png]] '''Russian-styled Bolshevism''' and '''American-styled [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]]''', with an emphasis on national unity inspired by Pancasila. By combining aspects of both Soviet and American ideologies, Sukarno aimed to carve out an independent path for Indonesia. Marhaenism’s anti-liberal and collectivist stance provided an alternative that prioritized social cohesion and cultural integrity while allowing for economic and political independence.

Domestically, Sukarno consolidated his control. He was made president for life by the MPRS in 1963. His ideological writings on Manipol-USDEK and NASAKOM became mandatory subjects in Indonesian schools and universities, while his speeches were to be memorised and discussed by all students. All newspapers, the only radio station (RRI, government-run), and the only television station (TVRI, also government-run) were made into "tools of the revolution" and functioned to spread Sukarno's messages. Sukarno developed a personality cult, with the capital of newly acquired West Irian renamed to Sukarnapura and the highest peak in the country was renamed from Carstensz Pyramid to Puntjak Sukarno (Sukarno Peak).

===[[File:Suharto.png]] New Order===

'''[[File:Suharto.png]] Suharto''' was an Indonesian [[File:Strato-Antifurry.png]]  army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of [[File:Cball-Indonesia.png]] Indonesia through a repressive military dictatorship from 1967 until his own resignation in 1998.

The future military dictator grew up under [[File:Cball-Netherlands.png]] the Dutch  [[File:Colonial.png]] Colonial Era and joined the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) in June 1940 at the age of 19. During the [[File:Showa-kanmuri.png]] Japanese occupation era, Suharto changed allegiance to serve in the Japanese-organized Indonesian security forces, PETA. After the Japanese surrender in the Pacific to the Allied, independence leaders [[File:Sukarno.png]] Sukarno and Hatta declared Indonesian independence and were appointed president and vice-president respectively of the new Republic. Under the new government, Suharto joined Indonesian Army to fight the Dutch forces who had returned to take back control over their former colony.  Throughout the 1950s, as a colonel, Suharto would crack down hard on uprisings of Dutch collaborators and [[File:Jihad.png]]  Islamic extremists. 
Throughout the rule of socialist Sukarno, the Communist Party of Indonesia, PKI which was closely affiliated with Sukarno’s regime, increased massively in numbers and popularity upsetting both the Indonesian military and the US who would do anything to prevent a communist take-over in the country.

Due to a combination of Sukarno’s extensive nationalizations, autarky, and foreign sabotage by [[File:CIA.png]] the CIA, the economy of Indonesia deteriorated rapidly,  resulting in widespread poverty and hunger and foreign debt obligations became unmanageable, and infrastructure crumbled. 

On 30 September 1965, six generals were killed by a group calling themselves the 30 September Movement who alleged a right-wing plot to kill the President. General Suharto led the army in suppressing the abortive coup attempt which blamed the PKI for. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, General Suharto took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government in an event that came to be known as the Transition to the New Order. What followed was the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, large-scale killings and civil unrest that occurred in Indonesia over several months, targeting PKI members, communist sympathizers, Gerwani women, [[File:Fem.png]] feminists, ethnic Javanese Abangan, and ethnic Chinese among other dissidents that were suspected to hold left-wing views.  The Indonesian genocide was directly supported by the US, [[File:Cball-UK.png]] British [[File:MI6.png]], and [[File:Cball-Australia.png]] Australian intelligence services which provided weapons and logistical support for the Indonesian army and “kill lists” of suspected dissidents. According to the most widely published estimates, at least 500,000 to 1.2 million people were killed over the course of 2 years.¨

From 1966 to 1967, to promote the assimilation of Chinese Indonesians, the Suharto government passed several laws as part of the so-called "Basic Policy for the Solution of Chinese Problem", which included banning all Chinese cultural and religious expressions from public space, prohibition of Chinese schools, and encouraging ethnic Chinese to take Indonesian-sounding names.

Suharto proceeded with social engineering projects designed to transform Indonesian society into a de-politicized "floating mass" supportive of the national mission of "development", a concept reminiscent of [[File:Corptism.png]] corporatism, but in practice was crony capitalism. The New Order regime created and required all civil servants and employees of the state- and local government-owned enterprises. and those of Bank Indonesia to join KORPRI (the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia) to ensure their loyalty. 

Suharto enlisted a group of mostly US-educated Indonesian economists, dubbed the "Berkeley Mafia", to formulate government economic policy to solve the economic crisis left by the Sukarno era. By cutting subsidies and government debt, and reforming the exchange rate mechanism, inflation dropped from 660% in 1966 to 19% in 1969. Sukarno's economic autarky policies were reversed by opening selected economic sectors of the country to foreign investment under the new Foreign Investment Law of January 1967 and foreign companies that had previously nationalized were re-privatized and returned to their original owners. The government began a series of large-scale intensive investments in infrastructure under a series of five-year plans. Indonesia experienced massive economic growth during the New Order coincided with rapid expansion in [[File:Klep.png]] corruption, collusion, and nepotism as Suharto used his dictatorial rule to enrich himself and his family and cronies, Suharto embezzled 15 to 35 billion dollars which makes him the most corrupt politician in the history of the world.

In 1974, the neighboring colony of Portuguese Timor descended into civil war after the withdrawal of [[File:Cball-Portugal.png]] Portuguese colonial authority following the Carnation Revolution, whereby the leftist-leaning Fretilin emerged triumphant. Western governments persuaded Suharto to intervene in East Timor to prevent socialism from prevailing in the former Portuguese colony. Suharto authorized a full-scale invasion of the colony on 7 December 1975 followed by its official annexation as Indonesia's 27th province of East Timor in July 1976.  The United States under [[File:GeraldFord.png]]  Gerald Ford and [[File:JimmyCarter.png]]  Jimmy Carter furnished over $250,000,000 of military assistance to Indonesia between 1975 and 1979.  An estimated minimum of 90,800 and maximum of 213,600 conflict-related deaths occurred in East Timor during the Indonesian occupation that lasted until 1999.

Suharto ruthlessly suppressed elements that he perceived to be a threat to the New Order society. From 1983 to 1985, army death squads murdered up to 10,000 suspected [[File:Illeg.png]] criminals in response to a spike in crime rate. Attacks on police by the resurgent [[File:Gaddafi.png]]  Gaddafi-aided [[File:Sep.png]] Free Aceh Movement in 1989 led to a brutal military operation that killed up to 12,000 people, mostly civilians.

By the 1980s Western concern over Communism waned with the end of the Cold War, leading Suharto's human-rights record to come under greater international scrutiny and the New Order regime lost much of its support from the western governments that helped its rise to power in the first place. By the 1990s, elements of the growing Indonesian middle class, created by Suharto's economic development, were becoming restless with his autocracy and his family's brazen corruption, fueling demands for [[File:Reform.png]] reform of the 30-year-old New Order system. 

By 1996, [[File:Megawati.png]]  Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno and chairwoman of [[File:PDI-P.png]] PDI,  became the rallying point for this growing discontent. In response, Suharto backed a co-opted faction of the PDI led by Suryadi, which removed Megawati from the chair. On 27 July 1996, an attack by soldiers and hired thugs led by Lieutenant-General Sutiyoso on demonstrating Megawati supporters in Jakarta resulted in fatal riots and looting. 
Suharto's grip on power weakened following severe economic and political crises that stemmed from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The economy suffered a flight of foreign capital, leading to a drastic drop in the value of the Indonesian rupiah, which severely impacted the economy and people's livelihoods. Persuaded by US President [[File:Clinton.png]] Bill Clinton, Suharto turned to [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] IMF and accepted their structural adjustment programs to bring Indonesia out of the economic crisis. However, things did not get better and in May 1998 massive riots broke out triggered by corruption, and economic problems, including food shortages and mass unemployment. Many within the Military government actively supported the riots as they had too lost faith in Suharto’s reign. 

On 21 May, Suharto resigned and was replaced by former Vice-President B.J Habibie, and the New Order Military Regime finally came to an end with a period of political reform ("Reformasi") followed that would lead to the transition to [[File:Dem.png]] democracy.

===[[File:PDI-P.png]] Modern Day===

[[File:Megawati.png]] '''Megawati Sukarnoputri''' - WIP

[[File:Jokowa.png]] '''Joko Widodo''' - WIP