Editing Reactionaryism (section)

==History==
Reactionaryism started, as the name implies, as a reaction to the French Revolution; identifying as absolute monarchists opposed to the revolution. At this time, Reactionaryism organized opposition to the progressive sociopolitical and economic changes brought by the revolution; and they fought to restore the temporal authority of the Church and Crown. 

In the post-Napoleonic world, Europe generally returned to its pre-revolution state, with the old French monarchy being restored. During the age of [[File:Metternich.png]] [[Reactionary Socialism|Metternich]] (1815-1848), Europe was generally led by [[File:Tradcon.png]] [[Classical Conservatism|conservative]] and reactionary leaders. These regimes were characterized as being [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|monarchist]], [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], and [[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment|counter-enlightenment]]. The reactionary state of Europe took a strong hit during the July Revolution in 1830, in which the reactionary monarchy of France was replaced by a more [[File:Enlightmon.png]] [[Enlightened Absolutism|enlightened]] one, and then the revolutions of 1848, in which much of Europe changed towards [[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|constitutional monarchy]]. Throughout the second half of the 19th century only Russia remained as a dominant reactionary power under the rule of Alexander III (1881-1894) By the time WWI came the world existed in a mostly [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism|Liberal]] and enlightened state and reactionary ideology no longer held power. There is some debate over whether or not the Italian [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|Fascists]] and German [[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism|Nazis]] should be considered reactionaries, with proponents of fascism often claiming that they are not, while opponents claim that it is; self-described reactionaries had divergent views, with some like [[File:Tolkien.png]] J.R.R. Tolkien and [[File:EvKL.png]] Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn disliking fascism, and others like [[File:JuliusEvola.png]] Julius Evola collaborating with the Axis.

In recent times "Reactionary" tends to be used more as a pejorative by [[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] and [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]] political movements, but the term "neo-reactionary" has more recently been applied to, and sometimes a self-description of, an informal group of online political theorists known as the [[File:Nrx.png]] [[Neoreactionaryism|Dark Enlightenment]].

===[[File:Cball-Taiwan.png]] [[File:Cball-China.png]] China [[File:GuHongming.png]] [[File:YuanShikai.png]] [[File:Falun Gong Theo.png]] [[File:LiuZhongjing.png]]===

==== [[File:GuHongming.png]] Gu Hongming ====

'''Gu Hongming''' was [[File:Cball-ChineseEmpire.png]] Chinese professor and scholar. He was born in [[File:Cball-Straits_Settlements.png]] British Malaya and was taken to [[File:Cball-Scotland.png]] Scotland for education. He studied at University of Edinburg and then in [[File:Paris.png]] Paris. Gu then returned to [[File:Cball-Straits_Settlements.png]] Brtish Singapora and worked in its civil administration. Next, he travelled to [[File:Cball-Qing.png]] [[Imperialism|Chinese Empire]] and again served in administration.

Along his friend, [[File:Tolstoy2.png]] [[Christian Anarchism|Leo Tolstoy]], he opposed [[File:Reform.png]] [[Reformism|Hundred Days' Reform]] movement. Gu resigned from administration post in 1911, showing his loyalty towards [[File:Cball-Qing.png]] [[Monarchism|Qing Dynasty]]. Even after fall of the dynasty, he retained his support for [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and [[File:Confucianism.png]] [[Traditionalism|Confucian]] values.

Gu Hongming died in 1928 in Beijing.

==== [[File:YuanShikai.png]] Yuan Shikai ====

''Main Article:'' [[File:Abmon.png]] ''[[Absolute Monarchism#China]]''

==== [[File:Falun Gong Theo.png]] Falun Gong ====

Falun Gong (法輪功) or Falun Dafa (法輪大法) is a new religious movement, known for its reactionary and anti-communist sentiment founded by Li Hongzhi in China in the early 1990s and since 1999, have been banned by the Communist Party of China, with its members actively being persecuted and arrested for their beliefs. It practices 3 core tenets:
* [[File:Virtue ethics icon.png]] 真 (Truthfulness, ''zhen'') - Honesty
* [[File:Altruism.png]] 善 (Compassion, ''shan'') - Do good things and practice virtues irl.
* [[File:Pac.png]] 忍 (Forbearance, ''ren'') - Do not get angry and hate people even if they do incorrect things or offend you.
Falun Gong emerged toward the end of China's "qigong boom" — a period that saw a proliferation of similar practices of meditation, and promotion of Confucian values. The movement gained widespread popularity in China throughout the 1990s and by 1999 government sources estimated that there were 70-100 million practitioners, more than there were CPC members at the time (although this number was most likely a gross overestimate).
Falun Gong initially enjoyed support from the Chinese government which actively promoted the spiritual group despite its right-wing anti-communist leanings. This could be because Deng Xiaoping, after his 1992 Southern Tour, decided to drop socialism completely and fully embrace free-market capitalism and may have perceived Falun Gong due to its promotion of Confucian values as a counterbalance to the Chinese New Left and liberal opposition. The fact Falun Gong promotes itself as a healthy qigong practice that can cure diseases without one needing to take medicine may have been cost-effective and convenient for the Chinese government as China at the time lacked a proper healthcare system. And there have been lots of cases where practicing Falun Gong cured diseases, but many of these cases were not published to the public and remain as stories of miracles that are told between other practitioners, family, and friends. And Falun Gong believes the proper term is “cleansing the body”, as they see the ultimate goal of curing the diseases is to make spiritual progress and they refuse to just cure anybody who doesn’t want to practice Falun Gong long-term and are just here for curing.
In 1995, Li Hongzhi declared that he had finished teaching Falun Gong in China, and began spreading the practice abroad. Between 1995 and 1999, Li traveled the world giving lectures on his beliefs wherever he went. Falun Gong associations and clubs began appearing all throughout Europe, North America, and Australia. Li Hongzhi moved to the United States in 1996 with his wife and daughter, and in 1998 became a U.S. permanent resident, settling in New York, where Falun Gong's headquarters remain to this day.
The Chinese government under President 

[[File:JiangZemin.png]] [[Dengism|Jiang Zemin]] had little to no support due to mass poverty, corruption, nepotism, and repression by state officials which fueled the popularity of Falun Gong which many perceived as an escape from the bitter reality. Jiang Zemin came to perceive the spiritual group as a threat to his power as an increasing number of CPC officials (Possibly including future President Xi Jinping) actively practiced or sympathized with Falun Gong themselves. Jiang Zemin started a campaign against Falun Gong, labeling it as an “evil cult” and stirring up the public against it by playing propaganda and fake news across all the TV stations and newspapers in China.

On 25 April 1999, about 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners gathered near the central appeals office in Beijing to demand an end to the escalating harassment against the movement, and on 29 July the same year, Falun Gong was banned by the Central Government. The persecution of Falun Gong enabled Jiang Zemin to seize control of media, [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism|police]], and the military to eliminate dissent. He even went so far as to create his own paramilitary organization called the “610 Office” to persecute the spiritual group. Re-education through labor, Laojiao, rapidly expanded with hundreds of camps being built all across the country to jail Falun Gong practitioners and other dissidents.

The persecution of Falun Gong gave Jiang Zemin unprecedented powers and made it easier for him to maintain a high level of influence over Party politics after his term ended in 2004 when he was forced to formally hand over power to the new Paramount Leader Hu Jintao. Local officials often competed to arrest as many Falun Gong practitioners as possible to show their loyalty to Jiang's faction. The Governor of Liaoning, Bo Xilai, was one of the leading officials in the Anti-Falun Gong campaign which made it easier for him to rise through the ranks of the Party.
The anti-Falun Gong propaganda includes a staged suicide video by the CCP (which was broadcasted to every single TV station at one point), accusing criminals of practicing Falun Gong and letting them go unpunished if they say they did, using religious puppet groups to condemn Falun Gong, and much more.

The persecution of Falun Gong caused many of its practitioners to flee China. Jiang Zemin saw this and started to tell other countries anti-Falun Gong propaganda, giving them a “black list”, which contains names of Falun Gong practitioners so they can be sent back to China if they attempt to go oversees. As there wasn’t many news about Falun Gong outside of China at the time, many countries believed Jiang Zemin. But after a while and lots of Falun Gong protests, other countries started to question Jiang Zemin’s words and eventually accepted Falun Gong. Many settled in the US where they would promote conservative [[File:Anticommunism.png]] anti-communist sentiment. But, due to economic pressure from China, the US and [[File:Cball-UN.png]] has failed to give Falun Gong the appropriate fundings and rights that other religious organizations have. Still though these hardships, Falun Gong manages practitioners established a vast global media network consisting of arts and entertainment company Shen Yun, the newspaper Epoch Times<ref>It should be noted that while The Epoch Times was founded by a small group of people that practice Falun Gong, neither the paper’s editorial direction nor its internal operations represent or speak for the Falun Gong faith, or its tens of millions of practitioners around the world; as The New York Times does not speak for the Jewish faith of its publisher.</ref>, New Tang Dynasty Television (NTD Television) broadcaster, and the YouTube channel China Uncensored, among others that promote the revival of traditional Chinese culture and negative coverage of [[File:Cball-China.png]] [[Maoism|CCP's]] [[Dengism|China]].

Falun Gong due to their views of the [[File:Chine.png]] ancient dynasties are believers in the mandate of heaven which stresses that when the rulers of China become too corrupt and inept to rule the Chinese people will overthrow the government and a new dynasty will take its place.

Falun Gong (among other Chinese dissident groups) alleges the CCP abroad carries out [[File:OrganHarvesting.png]] organ harvesting and torture of prisoners of conscience with the organs being sold on black markets with creditable evidence. Falun Gong practitioners abroad have signed arrest warrants for Jiang Zemin and Bo Xilai for engaging in genocide. In 2013 [[File:Cball-Spain.png]] Spain ordered the arrest of former President [[File:Jiang Tze-min.png]] Jiang Zemin meaning that he no longer can set foot in Spain without being put on trial. But not all of the west support Falun Gong, especially when the CCP started infiltrating western media. For example, in 2001 the New York Times interviewed Jiang Zemin, and after the interview, the persecution of Falun Gong was almost never talked about again on the NYT. The New York Times, since then, has also published articles filled with easily debunkable fake news with interviewings from former/rejected Shun Yun dancers instead of actual ones to try to make Shun Yun look bad (for example they accused of Shun Yun of not sending injured dancers to the hospital or let them rest, while in reality there is record of the said dancers being at the hospital/resting at home). The CCP is actively trying to get western media to portray Falun Gong as weird, intolerant, threatening, and undeserving of sympathy. CCP spies even tried to bribe the [[File:Tax.png]] IRS to cancel Shen Yun, but the spies were caught and arrested.

Falun Gong media often promote views in line with the [[File:RepubUS.png]] Republican Party and conservative politicians such as Steve Bannon, Mitch McConnell, and Lindsey Graham. This includes political stances like opposition to  [[File:Illegal-Immigration.png]] illegal immigration, gun control, [[File:Gay.png]] LGBTQ+, the [[File:Blm.png]] BLM movement, and anything left-wing or [[File:Prog-u.png]] progressive. They are also very critical of "elites" of [[File:Corp.png]] corporations such as [[File:Microsoft.png]] Bill Gates' Microsoft and Cisco which they accuse of having helped China set up their surveillance network, Great Firewall, and promoting Chinese state propaganda. Falun Gong support the [[File:PanGreenTW.png]] [[Separatism|Democratic Progressive Party]] in [[File:Cball-Taiwan.png]] Taiwan over the [[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism|Kuomintang]] which they perceive to be too friendly to CCP's interests in modern times. They're also highly supportive of other Chinese dissident organizations such as the [[File:Cball-Xinjiang.png]] [[Separatism|World Uyghur Congress]], the [[File:Cball-Tibet.png]] [[Separatism|Central Tibetan Administration]], and the Hong Kong Democracy Movement, as Falun Gong hopes the CCP will crumble.

Falun Gong media have gained widespread popularity and coverage since [[File:DonaldTrump.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|Donald Trump]]'s presidential campaign. The group portrays Trump as a saint-like figure sent from heaven to with a mission to destroy the Chinese Communist Party. Before 2021, anti-CCP affiliated media (including Falun Gong medias) such as China Uncensored regularly tried to portray then-presidential candidate Joe Biden and the US Democratic Party as communist sympathizers that would turn the US into a Chinese vassal state should Trump not win the 2020 Presidential Election. Since Trump lost (which the group initially denied by promoting the election fraud conspiracy) and [[File:Bidenism.png]] [[Big Tent Liberalism|Biden]] won the presidency, Falun Gong media has back-tracked on their negative coverage of the Democratic Party, and have become more neutral with Biden, as well as his VP Kamala. Though, in 2024 Trump has listed [[File:Cball-Taiwan.png]] Taiwan multiple times as a country and have tariffed China a lot to wreck its economy.

Even though former President Jiang Zemin has significantly lost influence within the Communist Party and eventually died in 2022, over the past decade due to losing the power struggle against current Paramount Leader and President Xi Jinping, Falun Gong remains illegal in China, possibly because of Xi's fear that legalizing the group would mean to admit the CCP did something wrong in the first place which would greatly polarize Chinese society.

There are various theories as to why Falun Gong was suppressed by CCP. Most explanations stem from the CCP system, such as the threatening nature of Falun Gong to CCP rule, its independence from the PRC, and the internal politics of the CCP.

Some scholars argue that Falun Gong is at odds with CCP's atheistic political ideology. Falun Gong's belief system is based on traditional Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and is therefore not bound by CCP laws but only by morality. Falun Gong's beliefs represent a revival of traditional Chinese religion, a challenge to the legitimacy (mainly in morals) of the CCP regime, and a threat to the CCP's right to interpret history, and can be seen as an ideological enemy of the CCP, and therefore subject to purge.

It is also worth noting that, in China, the claims of Falun Gong being a cult (邪教) only exist in party resolutions, and have not been legitimized by China's own law systems. And, in two official documents issued by the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China in 2000 and 2005, Falun Gong was not included in the list of 14 cults identified.

==== [[File:LiuZhongjing.png]] Liu Zhongjing ====

'''Liu Zhongjing''' is [[File:Cball-China.png]] Chinese publicist and historian. He's prominent figure of [[File:Cball-China.png]] Chinese pro-Christian alt-right. Liu graduated from Sichuan University and then worked as a medical examiner in [[File:Cball-XinjiangAutonomous.png]] Xinjiang police system. There, he witnessed how [[File:Cball-Xinjiang.png]] Uyghurs were treated. Liu identifies as "Ba-Shu"<ref>Ba(巴) = Chongqing(重慶) + Eastern Sichuan(東川) , Shu(蜀) = Central Sichuan(川中) = Sichuan Basin(四川盆地) ; Bashu(巴蜀) = former Han(漢) areas in Sichuan-Chongqing</ref>, not a Chinese, and supports [[File:Sep.png]] [[Separatism|Bashu separatism]]. Since 2015, he leads "Basuria independence movement". In 2016 Liu became a [[File:Christy.png]] [[Christian Theocracy|Christian]] and emigrated to [[File:Cball-USA.png]] United States.

Liu's views, known as "Auntology" or "Auntie Liu Thought"{{refn|name=fun}}, include his own division of civilizations. In his views, civilizations can be divided into three spheres:
*[[File:Woodrow.png]] Wilsonian sphere, based around modern, [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberal]] values and [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought|ideas of Enlightenment]].
*[[File:Fishe.png]] Hobbesian sphere - [[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|pragmatic and Machiavellian]] [[File:Mach.png]] one.
*[[File:Darwinist.png]] Darwinian sphere, where authorities serve only themselves.

Liu criticized [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Chinese nationalism]], promoted by both [[File:Dengf.png]] [[Dengism|CCP]] and [[File:3princ.png]] [[Tridemism|Kuomintang]] party. Additionally, he supports separating many lands from China, making the country smaller and even reviving cultural groups that were assimilated by Chinese. Liu also states between First and Second World Wars, [[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism|CCP]] was controlled by [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Soviet Union]] and Chinese people were used as human shields against [[File:Showa.png]] [[Showa Statism|Japanese Empire]].

===[[File:Cball-France.png]] France [[File:ClericalPhilosophers.png]] [[File:Joseph-Marie.png]] [[File:Bonaldianism.png]] [[File:Chateaubriand.png]] [[File:Integral Nationalism.png]] [[File:FrenchRenewal.png]]===

==== [[File:ClericalPhilosophers.png]] Clerical Philosophers ====

'''Clarical philosophers''' were [[File:AntiRevo.png]] anti-revolutionary thinkers, seeking to undermine intellectual foundations of French Revolution. They highlighted its destructive and [[File:Anti-Catholic.png]] anti-Catholic character. One of main objectives describing said philosophers is their attitude towards the [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic Church]] - they all viewed it as key social institution.

===== [[File:Joseph-Marie.png]] Joseph de Maistre =====
''Main Article: [[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment#Maistreanism/Theological Counter-Enlightenment|Counter-Enlightenment#Maistreanism]] [[File:Joseph-Marie.png]]''

'''Joseph de Maistre''' was an Italian-born<ref>[[File:Cball-Italy.png]] "Italian" refers to cultural and geographical region, not a country - de Maistre was born in [[File:KingdomofSardinia.png]] Kingdom of Sardinia.</ref> French statesman and main philosopher of [[File:ReactCon2.png]] reactionary tendency within [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservatism]]. He was also precursor of [[File:Romanticism.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment#Romanticism|romanticism]].

His main ideas are [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism#God-Given Right to Rule\monarchy as divinely sanctioned institution]] and social inequalities being part of the natural order. De Maistre opposed [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought|Enlightenment rationalism]], seeing it as source of [[File:Redterror.png]] [[Jacobinism|Jacobin reign of terror]].

===== [[File:Bonaldianism.png]] Louis de Bonald =====
Main Article:[[File:Reactsoc.png]] '''[[Reactionary Socialism]]'''

===== [[File:Chateaubriand.png]] François-René de Chateaubriand =====
''Main Article: [[File:Tradcon.png]] [[Classical Conservatism#François-René de Chateaubriand|Classical Conservatism#François-René de Chateaubriand]] [[File:Chateaubriand.png]]''

'''François-René de Chateaubriand''' was French writer, politician and statesman. Witnessing [[File:Redterror.png]] [[Jacobinism|French Revolution]], he became [[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment|counter-revolution]]. As a writer, Chateaubriand is mainly known for his defence of [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Catholic faith]].

Though, at first, not being reactionary, he supported [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] [[Monarchism|Bourbon Restoration]]. He accepted revolutionary changes, but not in terms of social principles. His positions were closer to [[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|conservative liberalism]] but slowly shifted towards [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|ultra-royalism]].

==== [[File:Integral Nationalism.png]] Action Française ====
''Main Article: [[File:Integral Nationalism.png]] [[Integral Nationalism]]''

'''Integral Nationalism''' is ideology of Action Française - French political movement. It supported [[File:CathInteg.png]] [[Integralism#Catholic Integralism|Catholic Integralism]], [[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism|corporatism]] and [[File:Natsynd.png]] [[National Syndicalism|national syndicalism]]. The movement opposed [[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy|democracy]], [[File:Parl.png]] [[Parliamentarianism|parliamentarism]] and [[File:Unitary.png]] [[Centralism|centralism]].

==== [[File:FrenchRenewal.png]] French Renewal ====
'''French Renewal''' was political party in [[File:Cball-France.png]] France. It was founded in 2005 and was member of [[File:FarightInter.png]] [[Internationalism#Far-Right Internationalism|European National Front]]. Even though French Renewal was a party, it didn't take part in elections and condemned [[File:Parl.png]] [[Parliamentarianism|parliamentarism]]. It claimed to have thousands of sympathizers and had its branches in [[File:Cball-Brittany.png]] Brittany, [[File:Cball-Normandy.png]] Normandy and few other regions. Party's site published texts by veterans of [[File:OAS.png]] [[National Capitalism|Organisation armée secrète]].

Party was a [[File:FrenchUltranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[File:Corptism.png]] [[Corporatism|corporatist]] and [[File:Strasser.png]] [[Strasserism|strasserist]]. French Renewal was also [[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment|counterrevolutionary]], opposing ideas of [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought|Enlightenment]] and [[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism|French Revolution]]. Party supported [[File:TradCath.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy#Traditionalism|Traditional Catholicism]], while opposing [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]], [[File:Clib.png]] [[Classical Liberalism]] and [[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism|Freemasonry]]. It also claimed to be successor of [[File:Integral Nationalism.png]] [[Integral Nationalism|Action Française]]. In 2007, the party encouraged its sympathizers to vote for [[File:JeanMarieLePen.png]] [[National Conservatism#France|Jean-Marie Le Pen]].

===[[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany [[File:Freikorps.png]] [[File:Revolutionary_Conservatism.png|link=https://philosophyball.miraheze.org/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Conservatism.png]] [[File:Faust.png]] [[File:CarlSchmitt.png]] ===

==== [[File:Freikorps.png]] Freikorps ====
''Main Article: [[File:PolState.png]] [[Police Statism#Freikorps]] [[File:Freikorps.png]]''

'''Freikorps''' were [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} and [[File:Antisoc.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Socialism|anti-socialist}} paramilitaries during early days of the [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] [[Republicanism|Weimar Republic]].

Majority of them were supportive of abolished [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|monarchy]] and wanted to restore it.

==== [[File:Revolutionary_Conservatism.png|link=https://philosophyball.miraheze.org/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Conservatism.png]] Conservative Revolution ====
'''Conservative Revolution''' was the [[File:Sec.png]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|nationalist]], [[File:Mil.png]] [[Stratocracy|militarist]] and [[File:CountEn.png]] [[Counter-Enlightenment|anti-Enlightment]] movement in [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933.

Their connection to [[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]] was complex. Some saw them as a step towards [[File:Fash.png]] [[Fascism|fascism]], but they were not the same. They didn't all believe in Nazi ideas about race. While they helped pave the way for the Nazis, they didn't have much influence on them. When the Nazis took over, most Conservative Revolutionaries were either killed or rejected the Nazi regime.

Later, their ideas influenced movements like the European New Right, which includes groups like the French Nouvelle Droite and German Neue Rechte. These ideas are still influential today, shaping movements like the European Identitarian movement.

==== New Nationalism and Morality ====
Conservative Revolutionaries believed their nationalism differed significantly from previous forms of German nationalism and conservatism. They criticized traditional Wilhelmine conservatives for being reactionary and failing to grasp modern concepts like technology, urbanization, and the working class.

Moeller van den Bruck described Conservative Revolution as preserving values inseparable from the Volk (ethnic group), which endure through time due to adaptations in their institutional and ideal forms. Unlike pure reactionaries or revolutionaries, Conservative Revolutionaries aimed to shape eternal values to ensure their survival amid historical changes. Edgar Jung rejected the notion that true conservatives aimed to halt progress. They sought a chivalric way of life guided by innate morality rather than a conscious moral code. Conservative revolutionaries aimed to restore natural laws and values within the modern world.

Influenced by Nietzsche, many rejected Christian ethics of solidarity and equality, viewing them as oppressive to the strong. They advocated for nations to prioritize self-interest over moral standards in geopolitics. Völkischen, influenced by racialist and occultist beliefs, opposed Christianity and sought a return to Germanic pagan faith or the adaptation of Christianity to remove foreign influences.

==== Volksgemeinschaft and Dictatorship ====
Thomas Mann believed that German resistance during World War I was stronger militarily than spiritually because the German essence couldn't easily express itself verbally, making it difficult to counter Western rhetoric effectively. He argued that German culture was deeply rooted in the soul and thus authoritarian rule was natural for Germans, as politics and democracy were seen as foreign to their spirit. Mann's ideas influenced Conservative Revolutionaries, although he later defended the Weimar Republic and criticized figures associated with the movement.

Carl Schmitt, in his essay "The Dictatorship," praised the power given to the president in the Weimar Republic to declare a state of emergency, which he saw as essential for effective governance. He argued that in a democratic state, any deviation from democratic principles could be considered dictatorship. Schmitt further proposed that sovereignty necessitated the ability to declare a state of emergency, allowing for swift decisions outside of parliamentary procedures. He later used this argument to justify Hitler's actions during the Night of the Long Knives, stating, "The leader defends the law."


==== [[File:Faust.png]] Faustianism ====

'''Faustianism''' was an idea in [[File:PrusSoc.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism#Spenglerism|Spenglerian philosophy]]. The idea compared the European civilization to Faust, character from German legend. Faust sold his soul to devil in exchange for gaining more power - for [[File:PrusSoc.png]] Spengler it was parallel to European culture.

==== [[File:CarlSchmitt.png]] Schmittianism ====
''Main Article: [[File:Authoritarian Conservatism.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism#Schmittianism]] [[File:CarlSchmitt.png]]''

WIP

=== [[File:Cball-Hungary.png]] Hungary [[File:Pronay.png]] ===

==== [[File:Pronay.png]] Pal Pronay ====

After World War I, there was an attempt to form democratic government in newly independent Hungary. However, [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberals]] led by Mihály Károlyi were quickly overthrown by communist revolutionaries. Then, Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. In addition to economic problems and mass repressions (later known as the Red Terror), the state was also attacked by [[File:Cball-Romania.png]] Romania and [[File:Cball-Yugoslavia-old.png]] Yugoslavia.
Meanwhile, rival government began to form in the south. Its military affairs were managed by [[File:Horthy.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism|Miklos Horthy]] who soon created the National Army. The army was soon joined by Pronay, a military officer of noble origin. In 1919, Pronay started to organize [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} partisan units, later known as the White Guard. Advancing through territories controlled by communists, Pronay's men began an series of incredibly violent repressions against the enemies of new government as well as rebelling peasants. Meant as a revenge for communist repressions, the White Guard's actions were later called the [[File:WhiteTerror.png]] White Terror. In August 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic collapsed and its government fled the country. In November, [[File:Cball-Romania.png]] Romanian troops withdrew from Hungary and counterrevolutionary government took power. Pronay installed his unit in Budapest and planned city wide pogrom of Jews but was stopped by Horthy.
In 1920 Pronay's paramilitary was dissolved and he was put on trial for extorting a wealthy Jewish politician, and for insulting the President of the Parliament. He was found guilty and his command was revoked. After serving short sentence, Pronay turned against Horthy's regime and even took part in the second attempt to restore the [[File:Habs.png]] [[Monarchism|Habsburg dynasty]].
In 30s, Pronay tried to initiate a mass movement, similar to [[File:Nazi.png]] [[Nazism]]. In 1944, then 69-years-old Pronay created a death squad. He then vanished and was believed to have died during the siege of Budapest. In reality, he was captured in 1945 by [[File:Cball-USSR.png]] Soviet troops and sentenced for 20 years in a gulag. Pronay died either in 1947 or 1948.

===[[File:Cball-Italy.png]] Italy [[File:Sanfedismo.png]] [[File:Superfash.png]]===

==== [[File:Sanfedismo.png]] Sanfedismo ====

'''Sanfedismo''' (or Sanfedism in English) was mass movement opposing [[File:Jacobin.png]] [[Jacobinism|jacobinism]] and [[File:Republicanismpix.png]] [[Republicanism|republicanism]]. Aimed to restore [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|Kingdom of Naples]], the movement fought against [[File:Cball-France.png]] French-aligned Parthenopean Republic, which was created on 21 January 1799. It was led by [[File:Catheo.png]] [[Catholic Theocracy|Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo]].

Movement, made mainly of [[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism|peasants]], achieved its goal - the republic was overthrown on 13 June 1799. Name "Sanfedists" is sometimes used more broadly - describing other peasants armies fighting against French client states on Apennine Peninsula.

==== [[File:Superfash.png]] Superfascism ====

''Superfascism'', also known as ''Evolaism'', is an ideology based on the views of philosopher, painter, and poet Giulio (Julius) Evola, being authoritarian, radically far-right, and occult. Evolaism in general is based on a few principles: [[File:NeoFash.png]] {{PCBA|Neo-fascism}}, [[File:UltraTrad.png]] [[Traditionalism|ultra-traditionalism]], and [[File:Mythic.png]] {{PHB|Mysticism|Occultism/Mysticism}}. Julius Evola was the first person to translate [[File:Taoism.png]] Laozi's Tao Te Ching in Italian.
 	
*'''Occultism/Mysticism:''' The main characteristic of Evolaism is Occultism and Mysticism, which is evident when he thought about killing himself but changed his mind after reading a Buddhist text. He believed in Novalis' magical idealism and Hermeticism, with an interest in Tantra and Esotericism. He believes in the Left Hand Path and that certain individuals would be using dark sexual powers against the current world and also that anyone who rejects ''"the leveling world of democracy, capitalism, multiracialism and technology in the early 21st century"'' would find relief. amidst the chaos. He also uses esotericism and uses Buddhist, Tantric, Hermetic, and Pagan texts, opposing Christianity. He also endorses ghosts, telepathy, and alchemy.
 
*'''Racism:''' He bases his racial views on his elitism and aristocracy and on esoteric racism, believing that there is a racial difference also in spiritual matters, in which the "heavenly Aryan race" would be reconstituted in Nazi-fascist regimes, also based on Hyperborea. He is also anti-Semitic but criticizes Hitler's exaggerated anti-Semitism.
 
*'''Ultra-traditionalism:''' He is a strong opponent of modern society and that there was an Ancient Golden Age and that modern society was corrupted and (as stated before) would have individuals using dark sexual power in between.

=== [[File:CBall-Mexico.png]] Mexico ===

==== [[File:ElYunque.png]] El Yunque ====

'''El Yunque''' is alleged secret society in [[File:CBall-Mexico.png]] Mexico. Its existence was for first time claimed in 2003 by journalist Alvaro Delgado. All reports about organization come either from its critics or alleged former members. 

Its claimed that El Yunque was created in 1950s and influences [[File:MexicoPAN.png]] PAN, country's major [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] party, since then. Delgado claims that El Yunque have strongly influenced former president [[File:Liberalconservative.png]] [[Liberal Conservatism|Vincente Fox]]. Moreover, organization's influence is said to extend to [[File:Cball-USA.png]] United States and [[File:Cball-Spain.png]] Spain.

According to Delgado, El Yunque is [[File:Anticommunism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}}, [[File:AntiLibIcon.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Liberalism|anti-liberal}}, [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|anti-semitic}} and [[File:NatCath2.png]] [[Integralism|ultracatholic]]. He also claims it displays [[File:Cfash.png]] [[Clerical Fascism|fascist traits]].

===[[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia [[File:Nicholas_I.png]] [[File:AlexanderIII.png]] [[File:Stolypin.png]] [[File:BlackHundred.png]] [[File:RussianWhites.png]] [[File:Putin.png]] [[File:Dugin.png]]===

==== [[File:Nicholas_I.png]] Nicholas I ====

[[File:Nicholas_I.png]] '''Tsar Nicholas I Pavlovich''' ruled [[File:Cball-Russian Empire.png]] {{PBW|Russian Empireball|Russian Empire}} from 1825 to his death in 1855. Three decades of his reign are mainly known due to Tsar's reactionary policies.

Newly-crowned Tsar began his rule by smashing the demonstration of [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberally]] military officers. The "uprising", known as Decembrist revolt, demanded representative form of government and a constitution. Soon, the Tsar ordered expansion of secret services and censorship. Nichols I had also removed many local autonomies:
* Autonomy of Bessarabia was removed in 1828.
* Autonomy of [[File:Cball-CongressPoland.png]] Kingdom of Poland was abolished in 1830, after unsuccessful uprising by [[File:Cball-Poland.png]] Poles.
* Autonomy of [[File:JewTheo.png]] [[Jewish Theocracy|kahal]] was removed in 1843.

The exception was [[File:Cball-Duchy_Finland.png]] Finland - it was allowed to keep its autonomy because of Finnish soldiers' help in crushing the November Uprising. 


Under Nichola's reign, Ministry of Education adopted "Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality" as its slogan and key principle. Tsar's emphasis on [[File:Orth.png]] [[Orthodox Theocracy|Orthodoxy]] manifested in efforts to convert Eastern Rite Catholics (living in Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania) to Orthodoxy. He have strengthened [[File:Auto.png]] [[Autocracy|Tsarist Autocracy]] and increased repressions of political opponents. Principle of [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Nationality]] was cause for increased [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] russification efforts. Larger emphasis on nationalism caused debate about [[File:Cball-Russian Empire.png]] [[Imperialism|Empire's]] future. Political scene divided between westernizers and [[File:PanSlav.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Slavophiles]] - Tsar supported the latter. However, even though Tsar was undoubtfully a reactionary, he also did some reforms - during his reign railway system was expanded. Moreover, he was opponent of serfdom and even abolished it in Livonia.


Nicholas I also put large emphasis on the military - he expanded conscription laws and put military officers in charge of nearly all government agencies. The army was not only mean to punish criminals or undesirables (local officials often sent them to military), but also way to upward for non-Russian nobles, such as Georgians, Finns or Poles. Tsar himself saw the military as model for a society, valuing the order.

In his foreign policy, Nichols I focused on protecting ruling monarchies and crushing the revolutions. He aligned himself with Austrian Chancellor [[File:Metternich.png]] [[Reactionary Socialism#Metternichism|Klemens von Metternich]] and soon earned the title "gendarme of Europe". Tsar intended to help crush the Belgian Revolution and condemned the July Monarchy. Nicholas I also abolished [[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|constitutional monarchy]] in Poland and sent Russian troops to crush Hungarian uprising.

==== [[File:Stolypin.png]] Pyotr Stolypin ====
''Main Article: [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] [[Monarcho-Capitalism#Russia|Monarcho-Capitalism#Russia]] [[File:Stolypin.png]]''

[[File:Stolypin.png]] '''Pyotr Stolypin''' was third prime minister of Russia, serving from 1906 t0 1911. Although he's mostly known for his [[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism|agrarian reform]], Stolypin was also [[File:Tsar.png]] {{PCBA|Tsarism|staunch tsarist}} and implemented economic reforms hoping they will help preserve the [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|monarchy]]. He also violently fought the revolutionary movements.

==== [[File:BlackHundred.png]] Black Hundreds ====
''Main article: [[File:BlackHundred.png]] [[Black Hundredism]]''

The most famous examples of Reactionaryism in XX. century [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia were the [[File:BlackHundred.png]] '''Black Hundreds''', a term for [[File:Rusultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] and [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|absolute monarchist]] groups in Russia during the early 20th century.

The groups were known for [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|instigating anti-Semitic pogroms}} such as the Kiev progrom in 1905 that killed 100 Jewish people. The Black Hundreds believed that Jews were behind the creation of [[File:Commie.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|communism]] and [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminist movements]].

==== [[File:RussianWhites.png]] White Movement ====
''Main Article: [[File:Authoritarian Conservatism.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism#Russian White Movement|Authoritarian Conservatism#Russian White Movement]] [[File:RussianWhites.png]]''


Although '''White Movement''' in [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia was broad [[File:Anticommunism2.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-Bolshevik}} front there were some more reactionary members. Most known are:

*[[File:Kornilov.png]] '''Lavr Kornilov''' was general in pre-revolutionary army. At first, he supported [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] [[Republicanism|Provisional Government]] and its leader - [[File:Kerensky.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Alexander Kerensky]]. General Kornilov was motivated by fear of [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]] tendencies, he attempted coup d'état. Kornilov failed and was imprisoned. After start of Russian Civil War, Kornilov escaped the prison and led [[File:RussianWhites.png]] [[Stratocracy|Volunteer Army]]. His army was defeated.

*[[File:Kolchak.png]] '''Alexander Kolchak''' was military officer and leader of [[File:Anticommunism2.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russian State. As anti-Bolshevik conspiracy groups began appearing in Petrograd, many of them asked Kolchak to accept leadership. As soon as civil war started, he joined the [[File:RussianWhites.png]] White Movement. After taking over [[File:Cball-Siberia.png]] Provisional Siberian Government, he created government described as [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|royalist]] and [[File:Auto.png]] [[Autocracy|autocratic]].

*[[File:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.png]] '''Roman von Ungern-Sternberg''' was Russian military officer and warlord. He saw [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|monarchs as accountable only to God]], thus he opposed any attempt to give people right to decide future of [[File:Cball-Russia.png]]. During the civil war, he joined White Guard and soon created his own warlord state in Mongolia.

===[[File:Cball-Spain.png]] Spain [[File:Carlism.png]] [[File:Franco-alt.png]] [[File:OpusDei.png]] [[File:SpaVox.png]]===

==== [[File:Carlism.png]] Carlism ====
''Main Article: [[File:Carlism.png]] [[Carlism]]''

'''Carlism''' is [[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism|Traditionalist]] and [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|Legitimist]] movement in [[File:Cball-Spain.png]] Spain. It aimed to restore alternative branch of [[File:Cball-FranceKingdom.png]] House of Bourbon.

===[[File:Thailand.png]] Thailand [[File:YellowShirts(Thailand).png]]===
WIP