Editing Peronism (section)

====[[File:Menem.png]] Menemism====
Menemism is an economically center-right to right-wing and culturally conservative ideology that comes from the policies of [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Carlos Menem]] in his two terms (1989-1995 and 1995-1999). It would be represented first in the [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|''FREJUPO'' (''Frente Justicialista de Unidad Popular'')]] (1989) (Popular Unity Justicialist Front) and then in the [[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|''Frente por la Lealtad'']] (2003) (Front for Loyalty) as an internal current of Peronism in the JP (Justicialist Party). As an ideology it has been defined as [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|"neoliberal"]], [[File:Syncpop.png]] [[Populism|"neopopulist"]], [[File:Nalib.png]] [[National Liberalism|nationalist liberal]], [[File:Rpop.png]] [[Right-Wing Populism|right-wing populist]] and [[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism|conservative]] by different Argentine media. Political figures who currently call themselves Menemists are [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Miguel Pichetto]] and his party [[File:RightPeronism.png]] Encuentro Republicano Federal (Federal Republic Encounter), [[File:Menem.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Martín Menem]], among others.
Menemism can be summarized in the following economic and social tenets:
*[[File:Keynes-Friedman.png]] Adherence to the economic measures proposed in the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]];
*[[File:Globcap.png]] Trade opening, tariff reduction and economic globalization;
*[[File:Fiscon.png]] Fiscal balance (sometimes in [https://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98-06/98-06-24/pag13.htm practice], sometimes just in [https://prensaobrera.com/politicas/por-que-menem-esta-en-bancarrota theory]), state reduction and strategic privatizations (a majority of them related to prebendary businessmen and corruption);
*[[File:Econlib.png]] Deregulation of the economy and price freedom;
*[[File:Nalib.png]] A theoretical {{PCBA|Anti-Imperialism|"anti-imperialism"}} (with [[File:Atlanticism.png]] pro-western positions anyway) and a [[File:Conservative.png]] subtle conservatism;
*[[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Political pragmatism]].
Taking stock of both presidential periods, public spending went from 30 to 33 points of GDP, also increasing the fiscal deficit, primary spending, public debt (external and internal), unemployment and poverty rates. Inflation would be one of the strongest points, being contained and relegated to almost zero levels.
======Menem's Presidency (1989-1999)======
Menem ran for president, along with [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]], after defeating the other presidential ticket of the PJ composed of [[File:Pron.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Cafiero]] and [[File:Schiaretti.png]] [[Christian Democracy|José Manuel de la Sota]]. Under the promise of a "salariazo" (general increase in salaries) and a [[File:Indust.png]] [[Industrialism|"productive revolution"]], he was supported by other sectors of [[File:Pron.png]] Peronism and [[File:SyndieSam.png]] [[Syndicalism|syndicalism]], winning in the first round and surpassing the radical [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Eduardo Angeloz]]. Once his victory was consummated, Menem assumed the presidency five months earlier than stipulated due to the resignation of the then-president [[File:Argrad.png]] Raúl Alfonsín, consequence of the deep hyperinflation that was plaguing the economy. Seeking to solve the situation and straighten out the economic outlook, the elected president then meets with Bunge & Born, an Argentine economic board, and appoints [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Miguel Ángel Roig]] (general executive vice president of the corporation) as his minister of economy. He would suddenly die before carrying out his financial plan, the [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|"BB" Plan]] (inspired by the economic postulates of [[File:NuKeynesPix.png]] [[Keynesian School#Neo-Keynesianism|Lawrence Klein]]); this would force Menem to replace him with [[File:Newkeynes.png]] [[Keynesian School#New_Keynesianism|Néstor Rapanelli]].

With Rapanelli in charge, the Menemist government partially adheres to the measures outlined by [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|John Williamson]] in the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]], achieving the unblocking of [[File:IMF.png]] World Bank credits and managing to convince the entity to support the privatization of several state companies under the State Reform Law, approved in August 1989. The first privatizations were those of the telephone company Entel (with which the Argentine telephone service was modernized, increasing its popularity) and ''Aerolíneas Argentinas'' (Argentinian Airlines), followed by the road network, [[File:Mediacracy.png]] television channels (except ATC), most of the railway networks and ''Gas del Estado'' (State Gas). Despite the economic income provided by privatizations, a second hyperinflationary cycle couldn't be avoided, causing Rapanelli to be replaced by [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Antonio Erman González]]. He, faced with a huge internal debt due to the discriminated issuance of public securities with high interest rates and non-payment to suppliers, would be the architect of the economic shock program [[File:Monet.png]] [[Monetarism|''Plan Bonex'']] ''(BONos EXternos)'' (Bonex Plan) (External Bonds). This price stabilization plan would consist of exchanging all fixed terms (''plazos fijos'') for state dollar bonds called "Bonex 89", which matured in 1999; also prohibiting banks from temporarily receiving deposits. Minister Erman, in his homonymous resolutions (Erman  I, Erman II, etc) took multiple measures to accompany this process, liberalizing the exchange market, reducing monetary issuance, public spending and state personnel (suspending tenders, expenses and hiring), shrinking the state administrative apparatus, etc. The impact on Argentines with a fixed term was sharp and caused a general distrust in the people, who would begin to disbelieve in bank savings, as a prelude to the ''Corralito'' in 2001. Even so, inflation decreased and was contained, and a surplus was reached in trade balance.

Erman González finally submitted his resignation in 1991, after the corruption scandal popularly known as [[File:CronyCap.png]] [[Kleptocracy|"Swiftgate"]], in which he and [[File:StateIlleg.png]] [[Kleptocracy|Emir Yoma]], presidential advisor and brother-in-law of Menem, were involved. It was a complaint presented by the Swift-Armour refrigeration company to the United States embassy (which Ambassador [[File:Internation.png]] [[Internationalism|Terence Todman]] supported in a note dedicated to the Argentine government), in which they alleged the reception of requests for bribes so that the state would expedite the release of taxes on the company's products.

[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism|Domingo Cavallo]] would take the reins of the Ministry of Economy by establishing the convertibility law, a scheme that would mark the parity of the dollar with a new currency: the "convertible" peso, which would eliminate the austral from circulation. Liberal economic measures similar to the [[File:WashingtonConsensus.png]] [[Neoliberalism|Washington Consensus]] would be expanded, highlighting a generalized opening to foreign trade with the reduction of [[File:Tariff.png]] [[Protectionism|tariffs]], quotas and import prohibitions; more privatizations of public companies (related to Menemist corruption, but they had positive effects on electrical, telephone, water and sewage services; while having detrimental ones on railway transport), the reorganization of the tax system and a temporary curtailment of the state; the [[File:Industrial.png]] industry, however, would be punished by low salaries and high [[File:Tax.png]] taxes, which would favor cheap foreign products. In this period the [[File:Gero.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|AFJPs]] would be established for the reform of the retirement system and the economy would remain stable with the disinflation process linked to positive indicators in terms of economic growth, foreign investment, poverty, etc- Unemployment rates, regardless, would continue to rise, trade deficit would emerge and the fiscal deficit would reappear due to the Tequila Crisis in [[File:Cball-Mexico.png]] Mexico. This would not overshadow, anyway, the results of Cavallo's management and Menem's presidency, which would lead him to win the 1995 elections in the first round, defeating [[File:LeftPeronism.png]] [[Social Democracy|José Octavio Bordón]], of the party [[File:Socdem.png]] [[Social Democracy|''PAIS (Política Abierta para la Integridad Social)'']] (Country, Open Policy for Social Integrity).

After the re-election of Menem in 1995 with [[File:Cdem.png]] [[Christian Democracy|Carlos Ruckauf]] as vice president, Cavallo would continue as head of the Ministry of Economy, facing the consequences of the Tequila Effect with high unemployment and underemployment rates, a deindustrialized economy (situation that would be aggravated after he authorized an increase in the internal VAT of 16% to 21%) and other factors that led to the government taking external debt. The first crisis of the second Menemist period would then come, which would last from 1995 to 1997, as a result of the depreciation of the [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Brazilian Real and other currencies; and also due to the [[File:PanAsian.png]] 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the midst of this event, Cavallo would be replaced by the then president of the [[File:Central_bank.png]] [[Financialism|Central Bank]], [[File:ChicagoSchool.png]] [[Chicago School|Roque Fernández]], who would take office in 1996 to mitigate unemployment.

After an entire year in economic recession, activity would grow again, leaving the Mexican crisis behind. Privatizations would continue, this time of Correo Argentino, Aeropuertos Argentinos 2000 and YPF; unemployment would fall in 1997 and the economy would continue its upward trend until 1999, receiving a hard blow with the second crisis of convertibility in 1998-1999, that happened within the devaluation of the ruble in [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia and the [[File:Cball-Brazil.png]] Samba effect. From this moment on, unemployment rates deepened and the economic recession worsened due to the public debt resulting from the fiscal deficit accumulated since 1995, a problem that would extend until 2001 with the social outbreak in the presidency of [[File:Argrad.png]] [[Radicalism|Fernando de la Rúa]] (who would win the elections against Duhalde in 1999 and appoint Cavallo as his economy minister, the future structurer of the Corralito). Convertibility would end in 2002, under the presidency of [[File:EduardoDuhalde.png]] [[Fiscal Conservatism|Eduardo Duhalde]].

In the 2003 elections, Menem would run for president alongside [[File:Nationalconservativeliberalism-icon.png]] [[National Liberalism|Juan Carlos Romero]], seeking the "re-re-election". He would secure a victory in the first round, but finding himself disadvantaged in the runoff and with a predicted defeat, he would end up relegating, leaving [[File:Kirch.png]] [[Social Democracy|Néstor Kirchner]] as president.