Editing Pancasila (section)

===[[File:Sukarno.png]] Sukarno's rule===
[[File:Marhenism flag.svg|thumb|220x220px|Flag of Marhaenism]]'''[[File:Sukarno.png]]''' Marhaenism is economically left-leaning political ideology developed by the [[w:Sukarno|First President of Indonesia Sukarno]] that included: [[File:Nation.png]] socio-[[Nationalism]], [[File:Dem.png]] socio-[[Democracy]], national unity, culture, collectivist economics, and is formally defined as "Marxism adapted to Indonesian conditions" or just "Marxism with Indonesian Characteristics". Marhaenism aimed to establish a political and economic system that both honored the country’s cultural heritage and resisted the Western capitalist models that Sukarno believed were exploitative and imperialistic.

One of the foundational elements of Marhaenism was its  [[File:Anticap.png|frameless]] anti-[[Capitalism|Capitalist]]  stance. Sukarno saw capitalism as a system that allowed foreign entities to exploit Indonesia's labor force and natural resources, relegating Indonesia to a subordinate position within the global economy just as it was under  [[File:Cball-Netherlands.png]]Dutch Colonial Rule. To counter this, Sukarno promoted an economy where “goods that are not needed will not be produced,” a statement that emphasized a civilian-oriented, demand-based economy akin to a more organic form of '''Autarky''' which rejected overproduction and wasteful consumption, distinguishing Marhaenism from Western capitalist economies by focusing production solely on the essential needs of Indonesian society. Under this model, the government heavily regulated industries, seeking to limit foreign influence and protect the local economy.

Sukarno’s '''[[Imperialism|Anti-Imperialism]]''' was central to Marhaenism, defining it as an ideology that stood against any foreign domination or interference. His early political activism and subsequent leadership centered on achieving complete political and economic independence for Indonesia, especially from Western colonial powers and, later, from the emerging global influence of the United States and the Soviet Union. His foreign policy of “Konfrontasi” with neighboring Malaysia was one such expression of Marhaenist anti-imperialism, as he viewed Malaysia’s alignment with Western powers as a threat to regional independence. He also sought to unite other post-colonial nations under the Non-Aligned Movement, which he helped found, and used his speeches at forums like the United Nations to call for an end to both Western and Eastern blocs' influence on the newly independent nations.

Marhaenism also contained elements of  [[File:Dem.png]] [[Democracy|Democratic]] rights, although these were often interpreted uniquely by Sukarno, and were balanced with elements of  [[File:Sec.png]][[Authoritarianism]]. While Marhaenism condemned  [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism]] and individualism, Sukarno also stressed the need for unity and discipline to maintain Indonesia’s independence. In 1959, he implemented '''Guided Democracy''', a system that allowed him to exercise strong central control while still retaining some democratic elements. This shift from liberal democracy toward a more autocratic form of rule was a reaction to the social and political fragmentation he saw as a potential threat to Indonesia’s unity. Guided Democracy allowed Sukarno to balance competing ideologies within Indonesia, particularly between the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and conservative Muslim factions.

The '''economic system of Marhaenism''' was designed to address the inequalities that capitalism and colonialism had created, with a vision for a “people’s economy” where the needs of the masses were prioritized over profit. Under Sukarno’s leadership, the economy was heavily regulated, but due to foreign meddling as well as structural and administrative issues, it struggled to meet basic needs, and poverty and malnutrition remained prevalent. These difficulties eventually contributed to the rise of the PKI, who supported Sukarno’s ideas but sought more radical economic reforms. Although Marhaenism shared similarities with  [[File:Agsoc.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism]], focusing on rural self-sufficiency and collective land use, Sukarno maintained that Marhaenism was distinct. As he described it, Marhaenism was a “'''third-position”''' belief, incorporating elements of '''Indonesian  [[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]]''', '''American-style independence''', and '''Marxist ideals''' drawn from the [[w:The_Communist_Manifesto|Communist Manifesto.]]

One of the unique aspects of Marhaenism was its  '''[[File:Ultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism]]'''. Sukarno promoted an intensely nationalistic vision for Indonesia that was resistant to foreign influence, be it from Western capitalism or Eastern communism. His nationalistic policies were often viewed as radical, particularly in his confrontational stance against Western powers, which he believed were attempting to impose their ideologies on Indonesia. Sukarno's ultranationalism was evident in his  [[w:Indonesia–Malaysia_confrontation|Konfrontasi]] policies, his commitment to Indonesia’s non-alignment during the Cold War, and his support of national symbols such as '''Pancasila''' — the foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia, which he considered a central element of his ideology.

At the United Nations in 1960, Sukarno elaborated on his ideology by describing it as a '''sublimation''' between  [[File:Lenin.png]] '''Russian-styled Bolshevism''' and '''American-styled [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism]]''', with an emphasis on national unity inspired by Pancasila. By combining aspects of both Soviet and American ideologies, Sukarno aimed to carve out an independent path for Indonesia. Marhaenism’s anti-liberal and collectivist stance provided an alternative that prioritized social cohesion and cultural integrity while allowing for economic and political independence.

Domestically, Sukarno consolidated his control. He was made president for life by the MPRS in 1963. His ideological writings on Manipol-USDEK and NASAKOM became mandatory subjects in Indonesian schools and universities, while his speeches were to be memorised and discussed by all students. All newspapers, the only radio station (RRI, government-run), and the only television station (TVRI, also government-run) were made into "tools of the revolution" and functioned to spread Sukarno's messages. Sukarno developed a personality cult, with the capital of newly acquired West Irian renamed to Sukarnapura and the highest peak in the country was renamed from Carstensz Pyramid to Puntjak Sukarno (Sukarno Peak).