Editing Reactionaryism (section)

===[[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia [[File:Nicholas_I.png]] [[File:AlexanderIII.png]] [[File:Stolypin.png]] [[File:BlackHundred.png]] [[File:RussianWhites.png]] [[File:Putin.png]] [[File:Dugin.png]]===

==== [[File:Nicholas_I.png]] Nicholas I ====

[[File:Nicholas_I.png]] '''Tsar Nicholas I Pavlovich''' ruled [[File:Cball-Russian Empire.png]] {{PBW|Russian Empireball|Russian Empire}} from 1825 to his death in 1855. Three decades of his reign are mainly known due to Tsar's reactionary policies.

Newly-crowned Tsar began his rule by smashing the demonstration of [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberally]] military officers. The "uprising", known as Decembrist revolt, demanded representative form of government and a constitution. Soon, the Tsar ordered expansion of secret services and censorship. Nichols I had also removed many local autonomies:
* Autonomy of Bessarabia was removed in 1828.
* Autonomy of [[File:Cball-CongressPoland.png]] Kingdom of Poland was abolished in 1830, after unsuccessful uprising by [[File:Cball-Poland.png]] Poles.
* Autonomy of [[File:JewTheo.png]] [[Jewish Theocracy|kahal]] was removed in 1843.

The exception was [[File:Cball-Duchy_Finland.png]] Finland - it was allowed to keep its autonomy because of Finnish soldiers' help in crushing the November Uprising. 


Under Nichola's reign, Ministry of Education adopted "Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationality" as its slogan and key principle. Tsar's emphasis on [[File:Orth.png]] [[Orthodox Theocracy|Orthodoxy]] manifested in efforts to convert Eastern Rite Catholics (living in Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania) to Orthodoxy. He have strengthened [[File:Auto.png]] [[Autocracy|Tsarist Autocracy]] and increased repressions of political opponents. Principle of [[File:Nation.png]] [[Nationalism|Nationality]] was cause for increased [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] russification efforts. Larger emphasis on nationalism caused debate about [[File:Cball-Russian Empire.png]] [[Imperialism|Empire's]] future. Political scene divided between westernizers and [[File:PanSlav.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Slavophiles]] - Tsar supported the latter. However, even though Tsar was undoubtfully a reactionary, he also did some reforms - during his reign railway system was expanded. Moreover, he was opponent of serfdom and even abolished it in Livonia.


Nicholas I also put large emphasis on the military - he expanded conscription laws and put military officers in charge of nearly all government agencies. The army was not only mean to punish criminals or undesirables (local officials often sent them to military), but also way to upward for non-Russian nobles, such as Georgians, Finns or Poles. Tsar himself saw the military as model for a society, valuing the order.

In his foreign policy, Nichols I focused on protecting ruling monarchies and crushing the revolutions. He aligned himself with Austrian Chancellor [[File:Metternich.png]] [[Reactionary Socialism#Metternichism|Klemens von Metternich]] and soon earned the title "gendarme of Europe". Tsar intended to help crush the Belgian Revolution and condemned the July Monarchy. Nicholas I also abolished [[File:Conmon.png]] [[Constitutional Monarchism|constitutional monarchy]] in Poland and sent Russian troops to crush Hungarian uprising.

==== [[File:Stolypin.png]] Pyotr Stolypin ====
''Main Article: [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] [[Monarcho-Capitalism#Russia|Monarcho-Capitalism#Russia]] [[File:Stolypin.png]]''

[[File:Stolypin.png]] '''Pyotr Stolypin''' was third prime minister of Russia, serving from 1906 t0 1911. Although he's mostly known for his [[File:Farm.png]] [[Agrarianism|agrarian reform]], Stolypin was also [[File:Tsar.png]] {{PCBA|Tsarism|staunch tsarist}} and implemented economic reforms hoping they will help preserve the [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|monarchy]]. He also violently fought the revolutionary movements.

==== [[File:BlackHundred.png]] Black Hundreds ====
''Main article: [[File:BlackHundred.png]] [[Black Hundredism]]''

The most famous examples of Reactionaryism in XX. century [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia were the [[File:BlackHundred.png]] '''Black Hundreds''', a term for [[File:Rusultranat.png]] [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] and [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|absolute monarchist]] groups in Russia during the early 20th century.

The groups were known for [[File:Anti-Semitic.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Semitism|instigating anti-Semitic pogroms}} such as the Kiev progrom in 1905 that killed 100 Jewish people. The Black Hundreds believed that Jews were behind the creation of [[File:Commie.png]] [[Marxism-Leninism|communism]] and [[File:Fem.png]] [[Feminism|feminist movements]].

==== [[File:RussianWhites.png]] White Movement ====
''Main Article: [[File:Authoritarian Conservatism.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism#Russian White Movement|Authoritarian Conservatism#Russian White Movement]] [[File:RussianWhites.png]]''


Although '''White Movement''' in [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russia was broad [[File:Anticommunism2.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-Bolshevik}} front there were some more reactionary members. Most known are:

*[[File:Kornilov.png]] '''Lavr Kornilov''' was general in pre-revolutionary army. At first, he supported [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] [[Republicanism|Provisional Government]] and its leader - [[File:Kerensky.png]] [[Agrarian Socialism|Alexander Kerensky]]. General Kornilov was motivated by fear of [[File:Lib.png]] [[Liberalism|liberal]] and [[File:Soc-h.png]] [[Socialism|socialist]] tendencies, he attempted coup d'état. Kornilov failed and was imprisoned. After start of Russian Civil War, Kornilov escaped the prison and led [[File:RussianWhites.png]] [[Stratocracy|Volunteer Army]]. His army was defeated.

*[[File:Kolchak.png]] '''Alexander Kolchak''' was military officer and leader of [[File:Anticommunism2.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Communism|anti-communist}} [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] Russian State. As anti-Bolshevik conspiracy groups began appearing in Petrograd, many of them asked Kolchak to accept leadership. As soon as civil war started, he joined the [[File:RussianWhites.png]] White Movement. After taking over [[File:Cball-Siberia.png]] Provisional Siberian Government, he created government described as [[File:Monarch.png]] [[Monarchism|royalist]] and [[File:Auto.png]] [[Autocracy|autocratic]].

*[[File:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.png]] '''Roman von Ungern-Sternberg''' was Russian military officer and warlord. He saw [[File:Abmon.png]] [[Absolute Monarchism|monarchs as accountable only to God]], thus he opposed any attempt to give people right to decide future of [[File:Cball-Russia.png]]. During the civil war, he joined White Guard and soon created his own warlord state in Mongolia.