Editing Frankfurt School

{{MessageBox/Art Improvement}}{{User-Ideology
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|title=[[File:Frankfurt.png]] '''Frankfurt School'''
|image=[[File:FrankSoc.png]]
|caption=
|aliases={{Collapse|
[[File:Frankfurt.png]] Frankfurt Socialism<br>
[[File:Frankfurt.png]] Frankfurtianism<br>
Frankfurt Marxism<br>
[[File:Frankfurt.png]] Critical Theory<br>
<s>Franklin School</s><ref>Conservative commentator [[File:Levin.png]] [[Neoconservatism|Mark Levin]] has repeatedly accidently referred to the Frankfurt School as the "Franklin School"</ref><br>
[[File:LeftPragerU.png]]<s> Leftist PragerU</s>
}}
|alignments=
{{Info|Left Unity|LeftUnity}}<br>
{{Info|Culturally Left}}<br>
{{Info|Communists}}<br>
{{Info|Socialists}}<br>
{{Info|Feminists}}<br>
[[File:Internat.png|link=:Category:Internationalists]] [[:Category:Internationalists|{{Color|#782F52|'''Internationalists'''}}]]
|influences=<div style="overflow:auto; height:auto; max-height:200px; background:transparent;">
[[File:Continental.png]] {{PHB|Continental Philosophy}}<br>
[[File:Existentialism.png]] {{PHB|Existentialism}}<br>
[[File:Freud.png]] {{PHB|Psychoanalysis|Freudianism}}<br>
[[File:Hegel.png]] {{PHB|Hegelianism}}<br>
[[File:Kant.png]] {{PHB|Kantianism}}<br>
[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]<br>
[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]]<br>
[[File:Nietzsche.png]] {{PHB|Nietzscheanism}}<br>
[[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Pragmatism]]<br>
[[File:PrusSoc.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Spenglerism]]<br>
</div>
|sub =
[[File:Adorno.png]] '''Adornism''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:Antifash2.png]] [[Anti-Fascism]]
*[[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought]]
*[[File:Existentialism.png]] {{PHB|Existentialism}}
*[[File:Kafka.png]] [[Existentialist Anarchism|Kafkism]]
*[[File:FreudCom.png]] {{PHB|Neo-Marxism|Freudo-Marxism}}
*[[File:HegelMarx.png]] {{PHB|Neo-Marxism|Hegelian Marxism}}
*[[File:Husserl.png]] {{PHB|Phenomenology|Husserlianism}}
*[[File:Kant.png]] {{PHB|Kantianism}}
*[[File:Kierkegaard.png]] {{PHB|Kierkegaardianism}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]]
*[[File:NietzscheMarx.png]] {{PHB|Nietzscheanism|Nietzschean Marxism}}
*[[File:Psychoanalysis.png]] {{PHB|Psychoanalysis}}
*[[File:Romanticism.png]] {{PHB|Romanticism}}
*[[File:PrusSoc.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism#Spenglerism|Spenglerism]]
*[[File:StructMarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Structural Marxism]]
*[[File:Weber.png]] {{PHB|Weberism}}
}}
[[File:CRT.png]] '''Critical Race Theory''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:AntiRacism.png]] {{PCBA|Anti-Racism}} (Dubiously)
*[[File:Blacknat.png]] [[Black Nationalism|Black Power]]
*[[File:Dubois.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Du Boisian Socialism]]
*[[File:Radical Republican.png]] [[Abolitionism|Frederick Douglassism]]
*[[File:Gramsci.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Gramscianism]]
*[[File:Intersec.png]] [[Progressivism|Intersectionality]]
*[[File:NeoMarxProg.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxian Progressivism]]
*[[File:PostColFem.png]] [[Postcolonial Feminism]]
}}
|personal =
[[File:Habermas.png]] '''Habermasism''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:ConstitutionalPatriot.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Constitutional Patriotism]]
*[[File:Consti.png]] [[Constitutionalism]]
*[[file:EmileDurkheim.png]] {{PHB|Durkheimism}}
*[[File:European Federalism.png]] [[European Federalism]]
*[[file:Freud.png]] {{PHB|Psychoanalysis|Freudianism}}
*[[file:Hegel.png]] {{PHB|Hegelianism}}
*[[file:Heidegger.png]] {{PHB|Heideggerianism}}
*[[File:Kant.png]] {{PHB|Kantianism}}
*[[file:Kierkegaard.png]] {{PHB|Kierkegaardianism}}
*[[File:Labzion.png]] [[Labour Zionism]]
*[[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]]
*[[File:Pragmat.png]] [[Machiavellianism|Pragmatism]]
*[[File:Raddem.png]] [[Radical Democracy]]
*[[file:Schelling.png]] {{PHB|Schellingianism}}
*[[File:SocHawk.png]] [[Neoconservatism|Socialist Hawk]] (sometimes)
*[[file:Weber.png]] {{PHB|Weberism}}
*[[file:Wittgenstein.png]] {{PHB|Wittgensteinism}}
}}
[[File:Marcuse.png]] '''Marcuseanism''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:Anti-Stalin.png]] Anti-Stalinism
*[[File:CIA.png]] [[Police Statism|CIA Agentism]] (1943-1950)
*[[File:FreudCom.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Freudo-Marxism]]
*[[File:HegelMarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Hegelian Marxism]]
*[[File:Kant.png]] {{PHB|Kantianism}}
*[[File:Heidegger.png]] {{PHB|Heideggerianism}}
*[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|Libertarian Marxism]]
*[[File:Marxfemnewicon.png]] [[Marxist Feminism]]
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]]
*[[File:NietzscheMarx.png]] {{PHB|Nietzscheanism|Nietzschean Marxism}}
*[[File:Phenomenology.png]] {{PHB|Phenomenology}}
*[[File:Ultraprogressivism.png]] [[Revolutionary Progressivism]]
}}
|influenced=<div style="overflow:auto; height:auto; max-height:200px; background:transparent;">
[[File:Acidcomf.png]] [[Acid Communism]]<br>
[[File:BreadTube.png]] [[Liberal Socialism|BreadTube]]<br>
[[File:Demcon.png]] [[Democratic Confederalism]]<br>
[[File:Esosoc.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism]]<br>
[[File:Hoppef.png]] [[Hoppeanism]] (Disowned)<br>
[[File:Cullors.png]] [[Capitalist Communism|Khan-Cullorism]]<br>
[[File:May68.png]] [[Left-Wing Populism|May 68]]<br>
[[File:Ancon.png]] [[Anarcho-Conservatism#Michéaism|Michéaism]]<br>
[[File:NeoEnl.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]]<br>
[[File:Post-an.png]] [[Post-Anarchism]] (Critical Theory)<br>
[[File:Raddem.png]] [[Radical Democracy]]<br>
[[File:RedArmyFaction.png]] [[Maoism|Red Army Faction]]<br>
[[File:NewHumanism.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|Siloism]]<br>
[[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]]<br>
[[File:XiJinpingThoughtf.png]] [[Dengism|Xi Jinping Thought]]<br>
[[File:Zerzan.png]] [[Anarcho-Primitivism|Zerzanism]]<br>
</div>
|song=
|likes=<div style="overflow:auto; height:auto; max-height:200px; background:transparent;">
Critical theory
</div>
|dislikes=<div style="overflow:auto; height:auto; max-height:200px; background:transparent;">
Class Reductionists<br>
</div>
|theorists=
[[File:PanAmer.png]] '''Americas''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:Lasch.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Christopher Lasch]] (1932-1994) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}}
*[[File:Eco-marxism.png]] [[Eco-Socialism|Trent Schroyer]] (1936-2018) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}}
*[[File:NewHumanism.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|Mario Rodríguez Cobos (Silo)]] (1938-2010) [[File:Cball-Argentina.png]] {{PBW|Argentinaball|Argentina}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Joan Braune]] (1986-) [[File:Cball-US.png]] {{PBW|USAball|USA}}
}}
[[File:Cball-EU.png]] '''Europe''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:WalterBenjamin.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1892-1940) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Friedrich Pollock]] (1894-1970) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1895-1973) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1898-1979) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Erich Fromm]] (1900-1980) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Leo Löwenthal]] (1900-1993) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1903-1969) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Otto Kirchheimer]] (1905-1965) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1929-2026) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Alfred Schmidt]] (1931-2012) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Continental.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Axel Honneth]] (1949-) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Eot.png]] [[Esoteric Socialism|Sergey Kurginyan]] (1949-) [[File:Cball-Russia.png]] {{PBW|Russiaball|Russia}}
*[[File:Ancon.png]] [[Anarcho-Conservatism|Jean-Claude Michéa]] (1950-) [[File:Cball-France.png]] {{PBW|Franceball|France}}
*[[File:MarxistHumanism.png]] {{PHB|Humanism|Konrad Ott}} (1959-) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Rainer Forst]] (1964-) [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] {{PBW|Germanyball|Germany}}
}}
[[File:PanAsian.png]] '''Asia''' {{Collapse|
*[[File:PKK-icon-pcb.png]] [[Democratic Confederalism|Abdullah Öcalan]] (1949-) [[File:ROT.png]] Türkiye/[[File:Kurdish.png]] Kurdish
*[[File:XiJinpingThoughtf.png]] [[Dengism|Xi Jinping]] (1953-) [[File:Cball-China.png]] China
}}
}}
<blockquote>''This page covers the political concept of critical theory. For a page on critical theory from a philosophical perspective, see the [[File:Philosophyball_icon.png]] {{PHB|Critical_Theory|Philosophyball Page}}''</blockquote>
{{Quote|
quote="I have stressed the key role which the universities play in the present period: they can still function as institutions for the training of counter cadres. The "restructuring" necessary for the attainment of this goal means more than decisive student participation and nonauthoritarian learning."<ref>[https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Marcuse_Herbert_Counter-Revolution_and_Revolt.pdf Counterrevolution and Revolt], page 56</ref>
|speaker=[[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]]
}}
The '''Frankfurt School''' is a sociological-philosophical school of [[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Neo-Marxist]] orientation. The original nucleus of this school, made up mostly of [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] German philosophers and sociologists, emerged in 1923 in the environment of the newborn "Institute for Social Research" of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main In [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] Germany, under the leadership of the [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]] historian Carl Grünberg. 

When [[File:Hitler.png]] [[Nazism|Hitler]] came to power the Frankfurt School was put in exile. 16 years later, the Frankfurt School would come back and the institute moved to Geneva (in [[File:Cball-Switzerland.png|link=https://polcompball.fandom.com/wiki/File:Cball-Switzerland.png]] Switzerland). The Frankfurt school perspective is based upon [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism|Marxist]], [[File:Freud.png]] Freudian and [[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelian premises of Idealism. To fill the omissions of 19th-century classical [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]], which did not address 20th-century social problems, they applied the methods of antipositivist sociology, of psychoanalysis, and of existentialism. While some theorists of the institute remained in the [[File:Cball-US.png]] USA, the Frankfurt School was re-established in [[File:Cball-Germany.png]] West Germany, Frankfurt. 

==Beliefs==
===Critical theory===
The works of the Frankfurt School are understood in the context of critical theory's intellectual and practical objectives. Max Horkheimer defined critical theory as a social critique meant to effect sociologic change and realize intellectual emancipation, by way of enlightenment that is not dogmatic in its assumptions. Critical theory analyses the true significance of ''the ruling understandings'' (the dominant ideology) generated in bourgeois society to show that the dominant ideology misrepresents ''how'' human relations occur in the real world and how [[File:Cap.png]] [[Capitalism|capitalism]] justifies and legitimates the domination of people.

Unlike Orthodox Marxism, which applies a template to critique and to action, critical theory is self-critical, with no claim to the universality of absolute truth. As such, it does not grant primacy to matter (materialism) or consciousness (idealism), because each epistemology distorts the reality under study to the benefit of a small group. In practice, critical theory is outside the philosophical strictures of traditional theory; however, as a way of thinking and of recovering humanity's self-knowledge, critical theory draws investigational resources and methods from [[File:Ormarxf.png]] [[Marxism]].

===Dialectics===
The Frankfurt School reformulated dialectics into a concrete method of investigation, derived from the [[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelian philosophy that an idea will pass over into its own negation, as the result of conflict between the inherently contradictory aspects of the idea. In opposition to previous modes of reasoning, which viewed things in abstraction, each by itself and as though endowed with fixed properties, [[File:Hegel.png]] Hegelian dialectics considers ideas according to their movement and change in time, according to their interrelations and interactions.

[[File:Karl Marx.png]] Marx used dialectical analysis to uncover the contradictions in the predominant ideas of society, and in the social relations to which they are linked – exposing the underlying struggle between opposing forces. Only by becoming aware of the dialectic (i.e. class consciousness) of such opposing forces in a struggle for power can men and women intellectually liberate themselves, and change the existing social order through social progress. 

The Frankfurt School understood that a dialectical method could only be adopted ''if it could be applied to itself''; if they adopted a self-correcting method – a dialectical method that would enable the correction of previous, false interpretations of the dialectical investigation. Accordingly, critical theory rejected the historicism and materialism of Orthodox Marxism.

===Critique of Western civilization===
The second phase of Frankfurt School critical theory centres principally on two works: Adorno and Horkheimer's ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' (1944) and Adorno's ''Minima Moralia'' (1951). While retaining much of a Marxian analysis, these works critical shifted emphasis from a critique of capitalism to a critique of Western civilization, as seen in ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'', which uses the ''Odyssey'' as a paradigm for their analysis of bourgeois consciousness. Their exposition of the domination of nature as a central characteristic of instrumental rationality in Western civilization was made long before ecology and environmentalism became popular concerns.

Consequently, at a time when it appears that reality itself has become the basis for ideology, the greatest contribution that critical theory can make is to explore the dialectical contradictions of individual subjective experience on the one hand, and to preserve the truth of theory on the other. Even dialectical progress is put into doubt: "its truth or untruth is not inherent in the method itself, but in its intention in the historical process." This intention must be oriented toward integral freedom and happiness: "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption." Adorno distanced himself from the "optimism" of orthodox Marxism: "beside the demand thus placed on thought, the question of the reality or unreality of redemption [i.e. human emancipation] itself hardly matters.

From a sociological point of view, Horkheimer's and Adorno's works contain an ambivalence concerning the ultimate source or foundation of social domination, an ambivalence that gave rise to the "pessimism" of the new critical theory over the possibility of human emancipation and freedom. This ambivalence was rooted in the historical circumstances in which the work was originally produced, in particular, the rise of National Socialism, state capitalism, and mass culture as entirely new forms of social domination that could not be adequately explained within the terms of traditional Marxist sociology. 

For Adorno and Horkheimer, state intervention in the economy had effectively abolished the tension in capitalism between the "relations of production" and "material productive forces of society"—a tension that, according to traditional Marxist theory, constituted the primary contradiction within capitalism. The previously "free" market (as an "unconscious" mechanism for the distribution of goods) and "irrevocable" private property of Marx's epoch gradually have been replaced by the more central role of management hierarchies at the firm level and macroeconomic interventions at the state level in contemporary Western societies. The dialectic through which Marx predicted the emancipation of modern society is suppressed, effectively being subjugated to a positivist rationality of domination.

==How to draw==
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==Relationships==
===Friends===
*[[File:Libmarx.png]] [[Libertarian Socialism|Libertarian Marxism]] - A very good friend.
*[[File:Situ.png]] [[Situationism]] - We share many similarities in thought.
*[[File:Neomarx.png]] [[Neo-Marxism]] - My older brother. He influenced me greatly and it’s always a joy working with him.
*[[File:Antifa.png]] [[Anti-Fascism]] - More radical version of the last guy, just make sure you keep distancing yourself from [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism|him.]]
*[[File:XiJinpingThoughtf.png]] [[Dengism|Xi Jinping Thought]] - Chinese friend who promotes [[File:Marcuse.png]] my ideas on culture.
*[[File:Globnat.png]] [[Alter-Globalism]] - Fellow pseudo-socialist. I suppose you too will fall victim to [[File:AmericanModel 1.png]] American demonization.

===Frenemies===
*[[File:Prog-u.png]] [[Progressivism]] - A very popular fellow who takes many of my ideas, though you’re too moderate.
*[[File:Mao.png]] [[Maoism]] - I don’t quite know what to make of him. Some of my theorists loved him (especially the ones in France), others detested him.
*[[File:Ancom.png]] [[Anarcho-Communism]] - You're cool and all, but Anarchism is childish and delusional.
*[[File:Mach.png]] [[Machiavellianism]] - Pragmatic politics is based, but what’s wrong with calling basically everything (even jazz) fascist??
*[[File:ML.png]] [[Marxism–Leninism]] - Thanks for spreading socialism, but you're still too authoritarian for my likings.
*[[File:Consocf.png]] [[Conservative Socialism]] - You’re still a conservative, and many of you like to say how I’m representative of the “new left”, but at least you also like Lasch, who was influenced by us, as was Xi Jinping and Essence of Time.
*[[File:Nrx.png]] [[Neoreactionaryism]] - Shullenberger is good, and Thiel is intelligent opponent, but others are not.
*[[File:NeoEn.png]] [[Neo-Enlightenment]] - ''1000 Yard Stare at Neo-Enlightenment with complete misunderstanding how Habermas can be used in this creature's thoughts''

===Enemies===
*[[File:Conservative.png]] [[Conservatism]] - A braindead racist who willfully misinterprets my ideas to spread propaganda.
*[[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism]] - Same as the above but on steroids. And you oppose the enlightenment, for the COMPLETELY wrong reasons. 
*[[File:Reactlib.png]] [[Reactionary Liberalism]] and [[File:Neoliberal-icon.png]] [[Neoliberalism]] - The most horrible products of liberalism.
*[[File:Gottfried.png]] [[Cultural Nationalism|Paul Gottfried]] - NOOOOOOOOOOOO, YOU BETRAYED ME!
*[[File:Necon.png]] [[Neoconservatism]] - Army of western liberal chauvinist hawks using the excuse of "freedom and tolerance" for brutalize people that they label as no good.
*[[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought]] - Nothing but a false promise that led to [[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]]. Has nothing to do with whatever [[File:Reactcross.png]] [[Reactionaryism|they're]] saying
*[[File:Totalitarian.png]] [[Totalitarianism]] - The result of the [[File:Enlightenment.png]] [[Enlightenment Thought|Enlightenment]].
*[[File:Conlib.png]] [[Conservative Liberalism]] - I hate Jordan Peterson and PragerU.
*[[File:Altl.png]] [[Alt-Lite]] - Zoomer fans of above.
*[[File:Orlib.png]] [[Ordo-Liberalism|Freiburg]] [[Social Capitalism|School]] [[File:Soccap.png]] - They sometimes compare us but you're only a German delayer of socialism.
*[[File:Trad.png]] [[Traditionalism]] - An excuse to enslave and oppress the lower classes.
*[[File:Fishe.png]] [[Authoritarian Conservatism#Thomas Hobbes|Hobbesianism]] - An enlightened intellectual that proff by points.
*[[File:Racism.png]] [[Racial Nationalism|Racism]] - Pseudocientific garbage to discriminate and ostracise against minorities.
*[[File:Whitesup.png]] [[White Nationalism]] - Product of above.
*[[File:Altr.png]] [[Alt-Right]] - Zoomer version of above.
*[[File:Mediastocracy flair.png]] [[Mediacracy]] - ''[COMMENT REMOVED BY MODERATOR]''
*[[File:Ajazz.png]] [[Anarcho-Jazzism]] - "Jazz is the false liquidation of art — instead of utopia becoming reality it disappears from the picture. The aim of jazz is the mechanical reproduction of a regressive moment, a castration symbolism."

==Further Reading==
===Wikipedia===
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[w:Frankfurt_School|Frankfurt School]] 
*[[File:Adorno.png]] [[w:Theodor_W._Adorno|Theodor W. Adorno]]
*[[File:Marcuse.png]] [[w:Herbert_Marcuse|Herbert Marcuse]] 
*[[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[w:Max_Horkheimer|Max Horkheimer]]

===Literature===
*[https://cominsitu.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/walter-benjamin-selected-writings-volume-1-19131926-1.pdf Selected Writings: 1913-1926] by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1926) 
*[https://monoskop.org/images/9/95/MARCUSE_Herbert_-_Heideggerian_marxism.pdf Heideggerian Marxism] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1932)
*[https://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/benjamin.pdf The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction] by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Walter Benjamin]] (1935) 
*[http://www.edarcipelago.com/classici/AdornoTheodor/Adorno,%20T%20-%20Against%20Epistemology%20%28Polity,%202013%29.pdf Against Epistemology: A Metacritique] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1937)
*Punishment and Social Structure by Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer (1939)
*[https://pescanik.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/erich-fromm-the-fear-of-freedom-escape-from-freedom.pdf Escape from Freedom] by [[File:Demsocstar.png]] [[Democratic Socialism|Erich Fromm]] (1941)
*[https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/reason/reason-and-revolution.pdf Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1941)
*[http://www.mom.arq.ufmg.br/mom/02_babel/textos/horkheimer_eclipse_of_reason.pdf Eclipse of Reason] by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1947)
*[https://monoskop.org/images/2/27/Horkheimer_Max_Adorno_Theodor_W_Dialectic_of_Enlightenment_Philosophical_Fragments.pdf Dialectic of Enlightenment] by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] and [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1947)
*[https://cominsitu.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/5580-minima_moralia_reflections_on.pdf Minima Moralia: Reflections from Damaged Life] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1947)
*[https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/engl-218-fall2010/files/Philosophy-of-New-Music0001.pdf Philosophy of Modern Music] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1949)
*[https://ia601506.us.archive.org/28/items/THEAUTHORITARIANPERSONALITY.Adorno/THE%20AUTHORITARIAN%20PERSONALITY.%20-Adorno.pdf The Authoritarian Personality] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1950)
*[https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/745814/e47ccf96d74aa1d7202e480e57c47667.pdf The Stars Down to Earth] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1952)
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7485712M/Eros_and_Civilization_(Ark_Paperbacks) Eros And Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1955)
*[https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Adorno_Notes_complete_edition.pdf Notes to Literature] by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1958)
*An Introduction to Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1958)
*Aesthetics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1959)
*Ontology and Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1961)
*The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society by [[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1962)
*Philosophical Elements of a Theory of Society by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1964)
*The Jargon of Authenticity by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1964)
*One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1964)
*Lectures on Negative Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1965)
*Negative Dialectics by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1966)
*The New Music by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1966)
*On the Logic of the Social Sciences by [[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1967)
*Negations: Essays in Critical Theory by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1968)
*Knowledge and Human Interests by [[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1968)
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5683972M/An_essay_on_liberation. An Essay On Liberation] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1969)
*Aesthetic Theory by [[File:Adorno.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Theodor W. Adorno]] (1970)
*Critical Theory: Selected Essays by [[File:Frankfurt.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Max Horkheimer]] (1972)
*[https://monoskop.org/images/0/0b/Marcuse_Herbert_Counter-Revolution_and_Revolt.pdf Counterrevolution and Revolt] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1972)
*The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923-1950 by Martin Jay (1973)
*[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7015741W/The_critique_of_domination The Critique of Domination] by [[File:Eco-marxism.png]] [[Eco-Socialism|Trent Schroyer]] (1973)
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26636275M/The_aesthetic_dimension_toward_a_critique_of_Marxist_aesthetics The Aesthetic Dimension: Toward A Critique of Marxist Aesthetics] by [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1977)
*The Essential Marcuse: Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse by Andrew Feenberg and [[File:Marcuse.png]] [[Neo-Marxism|Herbert Marcuse]] (1977)
*Origin of Negative Dialectics by Susan Buck-Morss (1977)
*The Critical Theory of Religion: The Frankfurt School by Rudolf J. Siebert (1979)
*Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas by David Held (1980)
*The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Volume 1 by [[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1981)
*The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and Systems, a Critique of Functionalist Reason, Volume 2 by [[File:Habermas.png]] [[Civic Nationalism|Jürgen Habermas]] (1981)
*The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School by Raymond Guess (1981)
*The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theory and Political Significance by Rolf Wiggershaus (1986)
*Critique, Norm, and Utopia: A Study of the Foundations of Critical Theory by Seyla Benhabib (1986)
*A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan (1991)
*Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory by Moishe Postone (1993)
*Of Critical Theory and Its Theorists by Stephen Bronner (1994)
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8666528M/Critical_Race_Theory Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement] by [[File:CRT.png]] [[Progressivism|Kimberle Crenshaw]], Neil Gotanda, and Garry Peller (1996)
*The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts by Axel Honneth (1995)
*Adorno: A Critical Introduction by Simon Jarvis (1998)
*Max Horkheimer's Critical Theory of Religion: The Meaning of Religion in the Struggle for Human Emancipation by Michael R. Ott (2001)
*Adorno: A Biography by Stefan Müller-Doohm (2004)
*The Cambridge Companion to Adorno by Tom Huhn (2004)
*Adorno's Negative Dialectic: Philosophy and the Possibility of Critical Rationality by Brian O'Connor (2004)
*The Cambridge Companion to Critical Theory by Fred Rush (2004)
*Negative Dialectics and Event: Nonidentity, Culture, and the Historical Adequacy of Consciousness by Vangelis Giannakakis (2004)
*Reification: A New Look At An Old Idea by Axel Honneth (2008)
*Critical Theory: A Very Short Introduction by Stephen Bronner (2011)
*Max Horkheimer and the Foundations of the Frankfurt School by John Abromeit (2011)
*Re-Imagining Public Space: The Frankfurt School in the 21st Century by D. Boros and J. Glass (2013)
*Philosophy Of Praxis: Marx, Lukacs And The Frankfurt School by Andrew Feenberg (2014)
*Autonomy After Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity by Martin Shuster (2014)
*Critical Theory and the Challenge of Praxis: Beyond Reification by Stefano Giacchetti Ludovisi (2015)
*The Highway of Despair: Critical Theory After Hegel by Robyn Marasco (2015)
*Grand Hotel Abyss: The Lives of the Frankfurt School by Stuart Jeffries (2016)
*Critical Theory and Feeling: The Affective Politics of the Early Frankfurt School by Simon Mussell (2017)
*The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Theory by Michael J. Thompson (2017)
*The Routledge Companion to the Frankfurt School by Peter E. Gordon, Espen Hammer, Axel Honneth (2018)
*Hegel and the Logic of Decay. A Genealogy of Adorno's Negative Dialectics by Linus Hellwig (2018)
*Critical Theory and the Classical World by Martyn Hudson (2018)
*Splinters in Your Eye: Frankfurt School Provocations: Essays on the Frankfurt School by Martin Jay (2020)
*Hegel and the Frankfurt School: Traditions in Dialogue by Paul Giladi (2020)

===YouTube===
====Videos====
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYpLKPJADms The True Origins Of Critical Race Theory] by [[File:SFO.png]] [[National Liberalism|ShortFatOtaku]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rDu_VUpoJ8 A Guide to Critical Race Theory] by [[File:Soclib.png]] [[Social Liberalism|Ryan Chapman]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypOaN9kXnMg Horkheimer and Adorno on Enlightenment] by OverThink Podcast

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